The Princess - Original Writing - 1813 Words

In a land far away there was a queen and a king called Nicola and Dean she had just given birth to a beautiful young princess called Chloe. There kingdom was holding a carnival for the newly born Princess. Everyone had their fanciest clothes to attend the carnival. The King and Queen had gotten Chloe into her new gown and when she got outside to the carnival they were attacked by ninjas, and they took Chloe. It was later figured out that the princess had special powers and that they could be used for good or bad. The Queen went in to a massive panic and the King hid in his bedroom so he didn’t have to face the outside world because he was scared that he would be taken out by ninjas as well. The ninjas had taken Chloe to a deserted†¦show more content†¦When they were all asleep she took all of their keys and went to the closed doors but when she walked in she found a room that was full of pictures about the royal family and there was stuff about all the powers that she had and how to work them but her adopted family said that they didn’t know anything about them so she didn’t know how to use them and at the end of the room there was a picture of her and there was the plan of what happened at the kidnapping. Chloe had made a plan to escape so when she went outside she ran off with a bag and she got to the end off the island and found a boat. She didn’t know how to drive a boat but she was going to get off this pathetic island anyway. She had hated I ever since she started walking, her adopted family had given her everything that she wanted but all the time she had sent there she had never had any friends or proper family and she didn’t even know if her name was Chloe anymore. When she had got into the boat into the water she tried to row it but then she found out it was a fully equipped speed boat that was regularly used but she didn’t know who was using it so when she started the boat she found the ninja outfits and figured out that they were all ninjas and they still were even since the kidnapping. She absolutely infuriated with them she trusted them her whole lifeShow MoreRelatedThe Princess - Original Writing958 Words   |  4 Pages As the princess seen her lover in another girl’s arms. She got more angry. â€Å"I have to do something about this,† said the princess. After, the long hug the servant looked straight at the princess. 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A Hypothesis Is a Claim Free Essays

A hypothesis is a claim Population mean The mean monthly cell phone bill in this city is ? = $42 Population proportion Example: The proportion of adults in this city with cell phones is ? = 0. 68 States the claim or assertion to be tested Is always about a population parameter, not about a sample statistic Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on A Hypothesis Is a Claim or any similar topic only for you Order Now , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove If the sample mean is close to the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is not rejected. If the sample mean is far from the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is rejected. How far is â€Å"far enough† to reject H0? The critical value of a test statistic creates a â€Å"line in the sand† for decision making — it answers the question of how far is far enough. Type I Error Reject a true null hypothesis Considered a serious type of error The probability of a Type I Error is ? Called level of significance of the test Set by researcher in advance Type II Error Failure to reject a false null hypothesis The probability of a Type II Error is ? Type I and Type II errors cannot happen at the same time A Type I error can only occur if H0 is true A Type II error can only occur if H0 is false Critical Value Approach to Testing For a two-tail test for the mean, ? known: Determine the critical Z values for a specified level of significance ? from a table or computer Decision Rule: If the test statistic falls in the rejection region, reject H0 ; otherwise do not reject H0 State the null hypothesis, H0 and the alternative hypothesis, H1 Determine the appropriate test statistic and sampling distribution Determine the critical values that divide the rejection and nonrejection regions Collect data and compute the value of the test statistic Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion. If the test statistic falls into the nonrejection region, do not reject the null hypothesis H0. If the test statistic falls into the rejection region, reject the null hypothesis. Express the managerial conclusion in the context of the problem p-Value Approach to Testing -value: Probability of obtaining a test statistic equal to or more extreme than the observed sample value given H0 is true The p-value is also called the observed level of significance H0 can be rejected if the p-value is less than ? Hypothesis Testing: ? Unknown If the population standard deviation is unknown, you instead use the sample standard deviation S. Because of this change, you use the t distribution instead of the Z distribution to test the null hypothesis about the mean. When using the t distribution you must assume the population you are sampling from follows a normal distribution. All other steps, concepts, and conclusions are the same. One-Tail Tests In many cases, the alternative hypothesis focuses on a particular direction H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is a lower-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the lower tail below the mean of 3 H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is an upper-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the upper tail above the mean of 3 Proportions Sample proportion in the category of interest is denoted by p When both X and n – X are at least 5, p can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean and standard deviation Potential Pitfalls and Ethical Considerations Use randomly collected data to reduce selection biases Do not use human subjects without informed consent Choose the level of significance, ? , and the type of test (one-tail or two-tail) before data collection Do not employ â€Å"data snooping† to choose between one-tail and two-tail test, or to determine the level of significance Do not practice â€Å"data cleansing† to hide observations that do not support a stated hypothesis Report all pertinent findings including both statistical significance and practical importance How to cite A Hypothesis Is a Claim, Essay examples

Formulate Strategies Knowledge Management

Question: Discuss about the Formulate Strategies for Knowledge Management. Answer: Introduction Any business always has a plan to increase its capacity and to serve a wider market. Many companies formulate strategies that will increase their competitiveness in the market as well as increase shareholders wealth. With the dynamics of the economy, it is essential for every business to manage the knowledge available in the industry. The diffusion of awareness in the market has become vital for the competitiveness and survival of different organizations. Moreover, different organizations view knowledge as an intellectual asset while others consider knowledge as a different commodity that cannot add the firm any value. They describe knowledge as a product that cannot be consumed and it cannot be lost if transferred to a third party. Additionally, they argue that knowledge is abundant in the business world and cannot be termed as a scarce resource. In the modern world, knowledge can be acquired from different sources including the internet and journals which have abundant. With the dynamism in the market labor, intensive manufacturing companies are slowly giving way to the knowledge-based organizations (Dalkir Liebowitz, 2011). This has been propelled by the need for the organization to reduce the cost of production and to improve the quality of goods produced. Any organization in the knowledge age is an organization that can easily learn, remember and act according to the information available to them and the level of skills present. In light with this, this study will illuminate on the importance of managing knowledge in the infrastructure development oriented business of Protasco Berhad (PB). It will also investigate the effect of knowledge advantage the application of the SECI model to the different businesses carried out by PB. Hislop,(2013) defined Knowledge management as a process designed to help in the identification, capturing and documentation of the companys intellectual property or assets so as to increase its competitiveness and performance in the industry. He further added that knowledge management is composed of two critical activities which include the capturing and documentation of individual knowledge and the dissemination of the knowledge in the organization. On the other hand Dalkir Liebowitz, (2011) defined knowledge management as the administration of the organization intellectual assets with the aim of creating more value and meeting the strategic requirements set by the organization. He also adds that the process many consists of other factors such as the initiative, strategies, processes and the systems that promote the assessment, storage sharing and the creation of knowledge. Purpose of knowledge management Management of knowledge is composed of three different components. These components include people processes and technology. The process includes knowledge distribution, content management retrieval of information and implementation of projects (Perry Bernard, 2014). To ensure elimination of ambiguity, the process should be made as simple as possible to enable easy understanding by the employees of the organization. Knowledge management also draws some of its components from various fields such as organizational science, logistics, and computational logistics as well as cognitive science. Moreover, knowledge management can also be traced back to fields like communication studies, information and library science and education and training. There are two types of knowledge that managers can use in the making of different decisions. They include the tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge (Holsapple, 2013). The tacit knowledge is difficult to comprehend as well as to put it in words, drawings or text. Additionally, this type of experience can adapt to new and exceptional situations thus promoting the sharing of vision and transmission of culture. Explicit knowledge, on the other hand, represents information that has already been transferred into other tangible forms including, audio recordings, images, and texts. The technological part of knowledge management is essential for the provision of a forum where knowledge can be shared and secure management of the documents present in the enterprise. Additionally, technology also supports collaboration and workflow in the business. These components are essential and provide a secure and central space where customers, employees suppliers, and the partners can share knowledge, exchange information and guide each other in practical decision making in the organization (Sian Lee Kelkar, 2013). To enable easy information sharing, most corporates use the knowledge portal which is a technological application where customers, employees and other partners get a forum to interact. Other forms of technology used include lotus notes databases and the Microsoft technologies (Papadopoulos et al., 2013). The use of technology by PB will enable the company to strategies on its investment plans and focus on its objectives on innovation and maintenance of the government supported roads. Furthermore, it provides the organization with the ability to respond, discriminate and reapply different information and strategies that had previously been a success in the organization Specific knowledge Knowledge management in an organization comprises of different assets in an organization. Some of these assets include stakeholders relationships, human resources, physical infrastructure, culture and intellectual property. For PB Company, its specific knowledge includes tools, organization culture, the management skills, business strategy and training and development. These intangible assets are essential in ensuring that every part of the organization is involved in ensuring that the set goals are achieved (Holsapple, 2013).This portrays a strong interconnection between the organization strategies and the goals. Furthermore, it includes the management of knowledge that is essential for creating value for the organization. Managing knowledge comprises of a mix of strategies which include per peer monitoring, storytelling and learning from the mistakes made in the past. Besides, it also makes use of different techniques from the knowledge-based systems and designs. In an infrastructu re development oriented business, knowledge-based strategy will help the organization in reducing the amount of cost it uses in the production of quality goods and services (Sian Kelkar, 2013). For example, if PB decides to adopt a new technology in its road care department, the maintenance cost of the roads will be cheaper and improve its overall competitiveness in the market. Knowledge management helps the organizations by opening the doors of collaboration and sharing. In the modern economy, businesses target a wider market that can only be achieved by involvement in merger or acquisition strategies. Knowledge management in the infrastructure business may need the PB Company to collaborate with its peers in the international markets to facilitate the exchange of ideas and to acquire answers to some of the complex questions in the industry. Moreover, it allows the employees of the organization to communicate effectively with the top management of the organization as well as strengthening their bond with the customers. The infrastructure business requires minimal mistakes in decision making due to the huge capital outlay required in production. Knowledge management thus helps in solving the most of the problems faced by the organizations, especially in decision making (Woods Cortada, 2013). Additionally, knowledge management helps the business to acquire more skills and expertise in different fields that help the origination in increasing efficiency and productivity (Jimnez-Jimnez et al., 2014). For example, the PB research and development division that deals with the searching for solutions for the infrastructure problems may benefit from information sharing and the use of new technology. The new technology may mean that the firm will have better methods of approaching the problem which is an added advantage in the industry. Knowledge management in the infrastructure business leads to intensified speed of responsiveness. The time needed to carry out any activity is based on the complexity, the agency of work and the level of technology in the company. Further, the degree of responsiveness will change the time taken in making decisions that are relevant in grabbing the business opportunities available. Besides, the time required to respond to customer inquiry would be fastened to include stages like receiving inquiry, processing of the quotation by the finance department and the preparation of any proposal. Consequently, all these procedures can be done simultaneously by the use of extranet, the Internet, and intranet. By adopting knowledge management in the organization, the manager of PB will be able to enhance quality and the ability to collaborate on improving the methods of operation and enabling interaction with different experts in the industry. Additionally, the firm will be able to improve o the return on investment, provide value added services, adopting different methods of solving problems and centralization of its data (Urbancova, 2013). The managers of the PB Company will also help in the coordination of the information and clustering the data available in the organization. However, it is also important for the management to also take into account the copyright issue in the collection and presenting of knowledge. The coverage and documentation of the information in the organization does not need a standardized format of presentation. The managers can use directories, reports from different organizations maps, charts, and organizational structures and the set rules and policies to achieve the organizational goals. Knowledge management is an essential element in ensuring the growth and profitability of any organization, especially the infrastructure development oriented business (Meihami Meihami, 2014). For PB, the sharing and diversification of information are an essential component. It will help the organization to reduce the risk faced by its diversified portfolio as well as employing more innovative strategies in managing its infrastructure business. Knowledge advantage It is important for every organization to put in place the knowledge agenda as one of their goals. This is because knowledge advantage helps the firm to win the confidence of their clients and ensuring that customer satisfaction is achieved (McIver, 2013). Moreover, knowledge plays a vital role in the improvement of customer service, the growth in revenue and the increase of the level of innovation in the organization. Perry and Bernard,(2014) noted that, knowledge helps the company to achieve more than 81 percent of its goals through the capturing and sharing information obtained from the employees and the external environment. In his research Zheng, (2010) noted that over the last decade the achievement of most companies could be traced back to knowledge related activities including maintenance of customer satisfaction, capturing and using their employee skills effectively as well as improving the products markets and customer knowledge (Noruzy et al., 2013). Although knowledge plays a significant role in an organization, different organizations use them in distinct ways depending on the level of industry mix and the standard of economic maturity (Kim Slater, 2013). In many multinational companies, knowledge is employed in the shaping of the organizational strategies and the board of directors. Moreover, gaining knowledge is based on gaining a competitive advantage and adding value to the organization through working smarter and the embracing of both innovative and quality delivery culture (Urbancova, 2013). The competitive advantage that can be gained by an organization may range from the production of quality goods at a lower cost or production of a differentiated product that the competitors cannot easily replicate. With the dynamism in the business world, the management is required to open up different ways of thinking and to pay attention the development of new thinking capabilities in various individuals. While knowledge is a human attribute, it has been embedded in the systems and inanimate products and has widely been used in the setting of organizational goals (Kianto et al., 2014). Consequently, knowledge advantage can be divided into three groups; the ICT infrastructure, leadership infrastructure and people infrastructure (Dalkir Liebowitz, 2011). The ICT infrastructure helps the organization to benefit from various technological advancements as well as ICT applications. The infrastructure also helps the organization in the acquisition of information from other relate businesses and communication with its suppliers. The ICT infrastructure comprises of portals and interfaces of an organization intranet, problem-solving tools, group wave systems, and the World Wide Web (Zheng, 2010). Peop le infrastructure, on the other hand, helps the entity to get knowledge infrastructure from the different skills from the employees and the management of the company. Additionally, the knowledge infrastructure helps in the nurturing and supporting of both the people infrastructure and the ICT infrastructure. Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization (SECI) Model To adequately understand the importance of knowledge advantage in an organization, it is important to evaluate the study by Ikujiro Nonaka. The researcher evaluated the concept of explicit and tacit knowledge and assessed the focus of the western companies. He later introduced the SECI model which had become a pillar of knowledge creation (Sian Kelkar, 2013). Further, he proposed four different ways that knowledge could be combined or converted. The model is an illustration of the interaction of various types of knowledge. The methods applied by the model in its operation include management techniques and communication technologies, which help in the improvement of the performance of the organization (Becerra-Fernandez Sabherwal, 2014). In Nonaka's model, there are four types of knowledge-creating processes which include socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization. The socialization process emphasizes on tacit knowledge. This is because it gives more explanation on a topic and helps in the creation of new knowledge using such methods as observing, interactions, analyzing, discussing and living in the same environment (Al-Busaidi Olfman, 2017). Through socializing, people can create and secret knowledge from their different life experiences. Furthermore, companies gain more knowledge from external sources from interaction with suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders (Noruzy et al., 2013). The notion of socialization can also be traced back to the traditional environments where siblings used to learn different techniques from their parents including woodcarving. Using the socialization process, the PB Company acquires more information on how to improve some of their businesses such as PB education and the PB research and development business. Internalization of knowledge Externalization process of the model focuses on both the tacit and the explicit knowledge linking. Moreover, it helps in the creation of new knowledge from different sources that will, in turn, help the entire organization (Ellison et al., 2015). Models and metaphor analogy drive externalization process in most cases making it a unique method of information acquisition. Different firms in the manufacturing sector combine their experiences to solve the various production problems faced in the industry. The combination segment includes where knowledge is transformed from tacit to explicit knowledge. It involves the collection of financial reports by the finance department and is consolidated in the formulation of the annual financial records. Also, it makes use of the organization's database to sort, add and categories different business reports. In internalization, explicit knowledge is created by using tacit knowledge. If an individual practices or makes good use of the tacit knowledge, it broadens the knowledge created (Jimnez-Jimnez et al., 2014). Organizations, on the other hand, will gain from the knowledge if it is shared through the different socialization platforms. The organizations, in turn, provide different training programs to their employees at the various stages (Ahmad et al., 2014). Consequently, when the employees read the training manuals and documents, they can internalize the knowledge and create new knowledge in turn. Conclusion In managing its portfolio, it is important for PB to take advantage of the knowledge present both in the organization and from other stakeholders. Knowledge advantage helps the company in the identification of its strength and weakness through the SWAT analysis. By making use of the available information, PB will be able to increase the level of production and reduce the total cost. Additionally, the knowledge will help the organization to reach a wider market and to create a strong bond with their customers. On the other hand, knowledge management can directly be linked with the knowledge advantage that an organization benefits from. Both aspects help the organization to globalize the business, manage corporate amnesia and to achieve technological advancement across all the departments. Therefore, it is the duty of the PB management to ensure that knowledge management principles and knowledge advantage aspects are taken into account to ensure that the organization achieves greater g oals at lower costs. References Ahmad, A., Bosua, R., Scheepers, R. (2014). Protecting organizational competitive advantage: A knowledge leakage perspective.Computers Security,42, 27-39. Al-Busaidi, K. A., Olfman, L. (2017). Knowledge Sharing Through Inter-organizational Knowledge Sharing Systems.VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems,47(1). Becerra-Fernandez, I., Sabherwal, R. (2014).Knowledge management: Systems and processes. Routledge. Dalkir, K., Liebowitz, J. (2011).Knowledge management in theory and practice. MIT press. Ellison, N. B., Gibbs, J. L., Weber, M. S. (2015). The use of enterprise social network sites for knowledge sharing in distributed organizations: The role of organizational affordances.American Behavioral Scientist,59(1), 103-123. Hislop, D. (2013).Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Holsapple, C. (Ed.). (2013).Handbook on knowledge management 1: Knowledge matters(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Jimnez-Jimnez, D., Martnez-Costa, M., Sanz-Valle, R. (2014). Knowledge management practices for innovation: a multinational corporations perspective.Journal of Knowledge Management,18(5), 905-918. Kianto, A., Ritala, P., Spender, J. C., Vanhala, M. (2014). The interaction of intellectual capital assets and knowledge management practices in organizational value creation.Journal of Intellectual Capital,15(3), 362-375. Kim, N., Im, S., Slater, S. F. (2013). Impact of knowledge type and strategic orientation on new product creativity and advantage in high?technology firms.Journal of Product Innovation Management,30(1), 136-153. McIver, D., Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Lengnick-Hall, M. L., Ramachandran, I. (2013). Understanding work and knowledge management from a knowledge-in-practice perspective.Academy of Management Review,38(4), 597-620. Meihami, B., Meihami, H. (2014). Knowledge Management a way to gain a competitive advantage in firms (evidence of manufacturing companies).International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (14), 80-91. Nonaka, I., Toyama, R. (2015). The Knowledge-creating Theory Revisited: Knowledge Creation as a Synthesizing Process. InThe Essentials of Knowledge Management(pp. 95-110). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Noruzy, A., Dalfard, V. M., Azhdari, B., Nazari-Shirkouhi, S., Rezazadeh, A. (2013). Relations between transformational leadership, organizational learning, knowledge management, organizational innovation, and organizational performance: an empirical investigation of manufacturing firms.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,64(5-8), 1073-1085. Perry, D. N., Bernard, A. (2014). Knowledge Management.CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, 723-729. Papadopoulos, T., Stamati, T., Nopparuch, P. (2013). Exploring the determinants of knowledge sharing via employee weblogs.International Journal of Information Management,33(1), 133-146. Sian Lee, C., Kelkar, R. S. (2013). ICT and knowledge management: perspectives from the SECI model.The Electronic Library,31(2), 226-243. Urbancova, H. (2013). Competitive advantage achievement through innovation and knowledge.Journal of Competitiveness,5(1). Woods, J. A., Cortada, J. (2013).The knowledge management yearbook 2000-2001. Routledge. Zheng, W., Yang, B., McLean, G. N. (2010). Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management.Journal of Business research,63(7), 763-771.

The novel Dinner at the Homesick Analysis Essay Example For Students

The novel Dinner at the Homesick Analysis Essay The novel Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is one of Tylers more complex because it involves not only the growth of the mother, Pearl Tull, but each of her children as well. Pearl must except her faults in raising her children, and her children must all face their own loneliness, jealousy, or imperfection. It is in doing this that they find connections to their family. They find growth through suffering. Cody Tull, the oldest child and the one most damaged by the failure of his parents marriage he becomes an aggressive, quarrelsome efficiency expert.Voelker 126 He feels that it his fault that Beck, the father, left. Especially when they bring up the arrow incident. Cody never really feels like a family as he expresses: You think were a familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when in particles, torn apart, torn all over the place?Tyler 294. He never recovers from his father leaving. We will write a custom essay on The novel Dinner at the Homesick Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The optimism of Ezra is never noticed by the family. He never let his past affect his life and very little bothered him. The family does not notice his optimism because Cody resented it, Jenny ignored it and Pearl misunderstood it. His optimism is shown when Cody is reflecting on their childhood, about how bad it was and how their mother was a shrieking witch. Ezra responds, She wasnt always angry. Really she was angry very seldom, only a few times widely spaced, that happened to stick in your mindTyler 295. Even though Ezra felt his childhood was not that unhappy, he never feel his family is a whole because of Codys jealousy, Jennys isolation and Pearls confusion. Ezra creates and manages a restaurant that corrects the excessive closeness of his family with an atmosphere that consoles the customer while making no demands.Volker 126 This was his idealistic home. Jenny, the youngest, becomes a pediatrician, a professional mother, who can avoid stifling emotional obligations.Volker 126 She, as a child, ignores most of whats going on so that no emotional harm is done to her. Jenny exclaimed: We made it didnt we? We did grow up. Why, the three of us turned out fine., as if she has no regrets nor has made no mistakes. This shows how she ignores and avoided emotional conflict throughout her life. Pearl often wondered how other families worked and why hers didnt. At one point late in life she indulges in the signal act of idealization imagining the lives of other, happy familiesVoelker 128. She always kept outsiders out of the lives of the Tulls. She did this for two reasons. The first was so no one could see their problems and the second was so her children couldnt see what they were missing. Closed families produce people less socially and personally satisfied. For instance, the son or daughter in a family business may tell the parent what to do with the business, but their relationship problem is never really resolved. It is just deferred until the next argument. This is an immature  way of dealing with a situation one cannot cope with. When family becomes locked into a particular pattern of inter-family strife and too many unspoken areas of responsibility and commitment occur the family will crumble. In another of Tylers novels, The Accidental Tourist, this is the problem with Macons family. It leads to problems with his wife. After his son dies his feelings are numb. He never opens up until an outsider, Muriel puts him in touch with the world again and real life. This is also the problem with the Tulls. When Ezra wants to become a partner with Ms. Scarlatti his mother tries to persuade him not to, even though it would benefit him greatly. Unfortunately, Pearl sees the world outside her family as alien. Even Ms. Scarlattis generous offer was a threat to the family. Because of this no guest ever came to the Tull house and when Pearl saw Josiah Payson at the house with Jenny she rudely insulted him so he would leave. She employs her practical skills to make the home airtight and efficient, her manipulative skills to bind her children to herVolker 128. This is how Pearl kept her family closed. .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .postImageUrl , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:hover , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:visited , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:active { border:0!important; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:active , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Steinbeck exposes the racism that was prevalent at that time in America through the character of Crooks EssayThis double standard Pearl set explains why Cody, Ezra, and Jenny were successful in their careers even though they failed in their relationships with each other as a family. There upbringing in a closed family was destructive and like Macon, from The Accidental Tourist, they did not open up and flourish until they were exposed to the outside world. Whether short or drawn out all growing is painful. It tests a family for what its worth. Growth shapes a familys relationships, identities, and values. However families can not grow without suffering. That suffering is part of the growing process, which includes giving up personal choices, jealousies and animosities. So it is true to say that family life involves some suffering for the individuals and the group but hopefully it is for the better for more acceptance and love of one another.

Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Example

Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Example Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Stem cells are the promise of new skylines in the field of medical specialty with wholly new attacks into how adult male looks at diseases and their remedy and besides promises some penetration and apprehension of cells and cell rhythms. When sperm and ovary cells come together, they form the fertilized ovum, which has the possible to go the full being. This fertilized ovum undergoes farther divisions and becomes blastocyst ( 32 cell phase ) and so the gastrulocyte ( 64 cell phase ) 90 yearss into gestation. It is at this phase that the cells differentiate and make up ones mind their destinies. The cells harvested from these phases are known as Human Embryonic root cells. ( 1 Evans and Kaufman,1981 ; 2Martin et al.1981 ) together with their developmental potency in vivo, ES cells besides show the capacity to organize differentiated cell types in civilization ( 3 Keller 1995 ; 4Smith 2001 ) . These have the potency of going any type of cell in human organic structure. Some of these cells merely proliferate and do non distinguish, therefore staying unchanged throughout the lifetime of a human being, and assisting in regeneration, and replacing of dead cells and fix of damaged tissues. The two most important inquiries addressed by the scientists today are, The ability of root cells to proliferate for periods more than a twelvemonth without undergoing distinction in research lab conditions, The assorted factors involved in ordinance of root cell proliferation and distinction and ego reclamation. Stemness The cells can be classified as root cells by their unique belongingss which are jointly called as stemness of a cell. They include the followers: They are unspecialized, which means that they lack specific programming taking them to developing into a specific line of descent and therefore hold the capableness to go any signifier of cell. This means that they can retroflex themselves umteen figure of times without undergoing distinction into any specific signifier of cell and can proliferate in the beings for old ages together. This is the premier cause for ego renewacan assist us understand the basic mechanisms indies and can besides check the grounds behind dysfunctioning of cells in instances like malignant neoplastic disease. foremost found in mouse ( Bradley et al. 1984 ) when they were induced into host blastodermic vessicles, they generated all types of cells. With this it was besides proved that they can be used to bring forth assorted difffentiated cell types in civilization by ( Keller 1995 ; Smith 2001 ) . From so on there has been a batch of attempt to standardise assorted protocols and better the efficiency of distinction. Further when hEScs were isolated for the first clip in 1998, ( Thomson et al. 1998 ) a batch of hope was generated on the practicalities of hESC based therapies. Depending on their varied abilities stemcells can be classified into the followers: Totipotent root cells: these can distinguish into any type of cell in the human organic structure. Pluripotent root cells: these are derived from totipotent root cells and after several yearss, can distinguish into any type of cell except for totipotent root cells. Multipotent root cells: these descend from pluripotent root cells and can distinguish into many cell lines within a specific type of tissue. Unipotent root cells: these are the posterities of multipotent root cells and can give rise to a individual cell type. Benefits of Stem Cells Stem cells are presently used to handle malignant neoplastic diseases such as leukemia. You may be familiar with the construct of bone marrow grafts, which have been used for decennaries now to supply a healthy beginning of cells in the organic structure. Other diseases that stem cells may assist include Parkinson s disease, Stroke, Spinal cord hurts, Retinal diseases, Alzheimer s disease, and Type I diabetes Human embryologic root cells are highly powerful interms of their curative value, since they are derived from early blastodermic vessicle phase and have the possible to be differentiated into 220 different cell types. As assorted techniques have been found to better the present techniques and their efficiencies by bettering the figure of attendant differentiated cells and diminishing the figure of contaminations, the hope on usage of stemcells is bettering. There are a batch of ethical contentions environing the usage of root cells, their maintainance and deducing them from embryos, together with immune rejection which is a major concern addressed by the scientists. The processs have to be standardised and the efficiency has to be increased. Stem cells can potentially in the hereafter be extensively used in conditions like malignant neoplastic disease, and birth defects ensuing from dysfunctional cell reproduction and specialization. Lack of public credence and proper authorities policies to back up human embryologic root cell research is another hindrance for more research work in the field. Figure 1 demoing the 10 to 12 twenty-four hours embryo phases, phases in which the blastosphere and gastrula phases are shown in which the endodermal differention occurs Clinical Importance The assorted line of descents developed from the entoderm in an embryo are as follows: Figure 2 Shows the representation of assorted variety meats developed as end point to endodermal distinction in mouse Picture adopted from Stem Book Endodermal distinction in vivo Formation of unequivocal entoderm in the gastrulation stage of embryogenesis The endodermal precursors present in the epiblast move to the anterior crude run. ( Figure 2 ) The Definitive entoderm cells move from the crude run and acquire integrated into the splanchnic entoderm which finally leads to most of the extraembryonic tissues. Surveies show that different cells are mobilised by their neighbors in the procedure of endodermal gastrulation. Figure 3 Gastrulation phase The distinction of assorted endodermal line of descents and extraembryonic entoderm by the endodermal primogenitors in mouse. The figure shows the mouse embryo at 4.5 twenty-four hours phase. The three major beds of the embryo -primitive entoderm, inner cell mass and trophectoderm undergo gastrulation and the procedure initiates the crude run, motion of the epiblast cells and coevals of assorted excess embryologic beds. The endodermal specification is still non clearly understood. In mouse it was found that crude run has to be initiated for the endodermal distinction. to happen. ( Kimura et al. , 2006 ) But in more crude species, endodermal distinction occurs before gastrulation. Endoderm derived functions Invivo The most clinically important of all endodermal derived functions, ? cells and hepatocytes are the most focussed in the root cell biological research of the past two decennaries for the obvious grounds of really high clinical importance. These in vitro engineered cells can be possible remedies of Type I Diabetes and liver disease. There are assorted cistrons which have been used to tag endodermal derived functions Foxa2, Gata4, Sox17, ? foetoprotein, albumen, Pdx1 and insulin. These markers are besides found in the splanchnic entoderm line of descents, which are really the extraembryonic entoderms, but are derived from the same primogenitors. Therefore due to most of these signals being present in both, it s difficult to distinguish them at the cheque point times as to whether they would distinguish into the endodermal signifiers or to the splanchnic entoderm signifiers. But there are some exclusions like the nanog, GATA-4, GATA-6 which play a major function in the distinction, which need to be justly regulated as per some surveies. Absence of Nanog and overexpression of GATA factors would take to formation of Visceral Endoderm. ( Mitsui et al. 2003, Fujikura et Al. 2002 ) . This fact makes distinction of hESCs into unequivocal entoderm tricky and calls for farther probes to understand the molecular mechanisms involved. There is another built-in job, which is that there are no specific factors which can can entirely distinguish the unequivocal entoderm. But, the scientists have been successful in bring forthing endodermal tissues. These include pancreatic islet cells ( Colman 2004 ; Stoffel et Al. 2004 ) , hepatocytes ( Hamazaki et al. 2001 ; Jones et Al. 2002 ; Yamada et Al. 2002a ) , thyrocytes ( Lin et al. 2003 ) , lung ( Ali et al. 2002 ) , and enteric cells ( Yamada et al. 2002 ) . Molecular mechanisms of endodermal distinction Assorted signalling tracts involved The cistron regulative mechanisms involved in the endodermal distinction have been dissipated in Xenopus, ( Davidson et al. , 2002 ; Davidson et al. , 2002 ; Loose and Patient, 2004 ) and zebrafish Stainier, 2002 The TGF?s Nodal, Gdf1 and Gdf3 are endoderm inducers in craniates Henry et al. , 1996 ) did surveies which showed that Vg1 and/or Xnr s are endogenous endoderm inducers. They used the negative activin receptor to barricade Activin, Vg1, and nodal-related proteins. Further surveies ( Agius et al.,2000 ; Dougan et al. , 2003 ; Schier et al. , 1997 ; Thisse et al. , 2000 ) proved that nodal signalling plays a polar function in endodermal and mesoblastic cell destinies. Another survey shows that the endodermal tissue is lost in embryos by the mutants in Nodal proteolytic activation site or Smad 2 and 3 signals are reduced. ( Ben-Haim et al. , 2006 ; Dunn et al. , 2004 ; Liu et al. , 2004 ; Lowe et al. , 2001 ; Norris et al. , 2002 ) . Lefty 2 is known to be involved downstream of Nodal moving as a represser, since higher concentrations of Lefty2 leads to excess endodemal formation. Further downstream GDf1 or 3 is involved in go throughing on the Nodal activity as they form heterodimers and signal at broader scopes. ( Tanaka et al. , 2007 ) Positive feedback mechanism of Canonical Wnt tract, GATA factors and Nodal signalling Nodal and ? catenin are straight involved in formation of the crude run. ( Conlon et al. , 1994 ; Huelsken et al. , 2000 ) . Many Wnt cistrons are found to be expressed in blastosphere and gastrula phases. ( Kemp et al. , 2005 ) . Wnt 3 is known to be expressed in Visceral entoderm and proximal epiblast in the gastrula. Both these signals activate each other. ( Ben-Haim et al. , 2006 ) These signals interact with each other locally, i.e Nodal stimulates Wnt locally in anterior crude run cells. The other factors involved in this tract are FoxH1 which binds at the FAST binding site nowadays in Nodal regulative part ( Hoodless et al. , 2001 ; Norris et al. , 2002 ; Yamamoto et al. , 2001 ) . Another protein which is involved in the procedure is Cripto which interacts straight with Nodal and Alk4. Another survey shows that Cripto bints to Wnt11 and activates A ; szlig ; -catenin ( Tao et al. , 2005 ) . The endodermal distinction is influenced by two different positive feedback loops one after another. A mathematical theoretical account generated shows that the cell choses either mesoblastic or mesendodermal destinies depending on the clip it and it s precursors are exposed to Nodal signalling, than really the concentration of Nodal as shown in old surveies. This is in footings with the fact that Nodal plays a polar function in dorso-ventral axis specification. The GATA factors There have been many written text factors identified which act downstream to assorted signal proteins straight responsible in endodermal distinction. Most GATA household members act downstream to Nodal. There are the forkhead written text factors, or the FoxA household of proteins which take forward the signals from the GATAs. Out of the GATA household of proteins, GATA 4 and 6 are known to play of import function in entoderm and mesendodermal formation, whereas GATA5 is non greatly conducive as tested in a smasher mice experimentation. ( Reiter et al. , 1999 ) . These cistrons besides activate functional factors involved in grownup endodermal tissues like hepatic atomic factor 4/HNF4, stomachic H+/K+ ATPase, etc. Figure 4 Interactions between assorted signalling tracts involved in Endodermal distinction Forkhead factors ( Class FoxA ) and their function in endodermal distinction FoxA2 is known to be active in the early gastrula stage and is seen to be positive for bow and midgut parts. FoxA1 and FoxA3 are involved in endodermal distinction, but their absence merely decreases the per centum of endodermal development doing them non-compulsory factors. ( Ang et al. , 1993 ; Dufort et al. , 1998 ; Sasaki and Hogan, 1993 ; Weinstein et al. , 1994 ) . These factors are known to be regulated by T- boxes and Tcfs ( Davidson et al. , 2002 ) . Sox17 It is known to be expressed in Visceral entoderm and subsequently spreads to the excess embryologic VE. It besides expresses itself in Definitive entoderm. ( Kanai-Azuma et al. , 2002 ) Some surveies utilizing boosters show that TGF?s modulate Sox17 ( Howard et al. , 2007 ) Sox17 straight activates the endodermal cistrons HNF1? , FoxA1, FoxA2 and Endodermin, partly by the interactive interactions with ?-catenin ( Ahmed et al. , 2004 ; Sinner et al. , 2004 ) . The other endodermal cistrons are regulated by Mixer or by the interacting Mixer and Sox17 twosomes. ( Sinner et al. , 2006 ) Mix household It is chiefly expressed in the external beds of endoderm/mesoderm, and is capable of bring oning entoderm in specific. Mixl1 and BIx1/Mix4 induce the entoderm. ( Henry and Melton, 1998, Tada et al. , 1998 ) . It is by and large found to be present in splanchnic entoderm and in nascent crude run, and is absent in unequivocal entoderm. But another survey shows that overexpression of Mixl1 can do inordinate endodermal formation ( Hart et al. , 2002 ) . They are known to adhere to SMAD2/4 dimers in the activin antiphonal part. ( Howell et al. , 1999 ) . Differentiation of extraembryonic entoderm line of descents It is of import to analyze and analyze the excess embryonic line of descents since they are really similar to the unequivocal entoderms, and are driven by same Cascadess of factors and come from same primogenitors. Crude entoderm is known to be coming from the inner cell mass Weber et al. , 1999 and some other cells get attached to the base membrane of the inner cell mass and so go the splanchnic entoderm, some differentiate into the mesenchyme and are known as the parietal entoderm. Most of this is understood by the invivo analysis and by embryologic root cell distinction experiments. Crude entoderm Inner cell mass has assorted line of descents in itself and different type of cells can be identified by the assorted cell surface markers. Once the epiblast is formed with the crude entoderm there are a few phenotypic alterations which can be recognised ( Gerbe et al. , 2008 ; Plusa et al. , 2008 ) . Generally Pou5f1 is used to bring on crude entoderm and is noticed invivo in really high concentrations in the blastodermic vessicle phase. ( Niwa et al. , 2000 ) . The XT between assorted signals is evident in the inner cell mass in the blastodermic vessicle phase. Grb2, Fgf4 receptor 2 and Fgf4 is a demand for crude entoderm formation. In the embryoid organic structures, insilico some Fgf receptors prevent this formation. And these are regulated by the GATA factors, Gata6, and Gata4 Li et al. , 2004. These act downstream to the Fgfs and Fgfs are known repressers of Nanog. Hamazaki and Terada, 2003. The activation mechanism of Fgf is unknown but occurs in the inner cell mass. The crude entoderm besides comprises of the extraembryonic endodermal cells. Kunath et al. , 2005. There have been many cistrons identified specific to the crude entoderm. The cistron look analysis have identified the crude entoderm specific factors. But these surveies are done on civilizations developed on mouse embryologic fibroblasts and farther surveies have to be done to guarantee MEF derived factors do non back up these cistron look forms. Parietal entoderm Differentiation further from crude entoderm to either splanchnic or parietal entoderm is non to the full escavated. This procedure happens at E 6.5 7.5. ( Gardner, 1982 ) . The acceptance of parietal endodermal destiny is due to a composite cascade which is to the full non known, but in presence of host blastodermic vessicles, the splanchnic endodermal cells and crude endodermal cells undergo distinction to organize parietal entoderm. Exvivo surveies show that parietal entoderm is induced when GATA4 and GATA6 are over expressed. ( Fujikura et al. , 2002 ) . Sox7 acts downstream and induces the GATA factor. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide ( PTHrP ) produced by trophoblast cells and induces mesenchymal passage in crude entoderm. Veltmaat et al. , 2000 Visceral entoderm The distinction into the splanchnic entoderm is influenced by assorted written text factors, HNF4 Duncan et al. , 1997. It is expressed in the crude entoderm ( twenty-four hours 4.5 to 5.25 ) . Upstream to HNF4 is the BMP2 or the BMP4 and the activin receptor. With these HNF1? and Foxa2 are besides involved in the cascade of signals. ( Barbacci et al. , 1999 ) . Gata factors are besides portion of the cascade which includes GATA4 and GATA6 ( Morrisey et al. , 1998 ) . These factors are besides known to be modulating unequivocal entoderm and therefore are of significance. The assorted interactions between these factors are unknown and merely the assorted factors which may be responsible for distinction into peculiar line of descent are understood through the cistron look analysis. The mechanism of control of the cascade still remains a mystifier. The anterior splanchnic endodermal formation happens due to co look of HNF1? and Transthyretin. ( Torres-Padilla et al. , 2007 ) . ?-fetoprotein and Ihh are other factors which regulate splanchnic endoderm formation. Nodal is besides shown to be expressed by splanchnic entoderm. ( Mesnard et al. , 2006 ) . It acts as a downstream regulator for all the above mentioned factors. Wnt 3 is known to be expressed in the posterior part. Kimura et al. , 2000. Both Wnt 3 and Foxa2 with the Otx2 booster act downstream to HNF4 and besides act as negative feedback inhibitors of the Nodal tract, which leads to the posterior part transforming into the crude run. ( Perea-Gomez et al. , 2002 ) . Endodermal distinction in silico Introduction By add-on of assorted distinction factors, human embryologic root cells differentiate into the three source beds, entoderm, mesoblast and the exoderm. ( Keller 1995 ; Smith 2001 ) .By the initiation of BMP4, hESCs bend to tropoblast line of descents. ( Xu et Al. 2002 ) . There are three established methods to enduce endodermal distinction. Figure 5 Showing the three available schemes for distinction of embryologic root cells. Picture taken from They are as follows: The first method involves hESCs organizing embryoid organic structures ( Keller 1995 ) . This allows culturing in three dimentional scaffolds, but regular monitoring of cells and assorted factors produced by them is tough. Thus this method can non be used in experiments to find the molecular mechanisms of root cells, but with better monitoring and usage of bioprocess control methods, this can be applied in regenerative medical specialty to develop whole variety meats. The 2nd method by and large used is direct culturing on stromal cells. ( Nakano et al.1994 ) .This method provides all growing factors specific to the the specific stromal cell line used. But certain factors produced by these stromal cells can suppress the growing of hESCs and when choosing the cell line, it has to be ensured that there are minimum cell-cell interactions and it doesnt impact the involvements of the experiment concerned. Third method involves culturing hESCs on extracellular matrix proteins. ( Nishikawa et al. 1998 ) .This method gives an advantage that all the factors added are good known, and their functions in distinction is good understood. This besides avoids any cell-cell interactions. The choice of assorted excess cellular matrix proteins is really of import and depends on which end point cell line needs to be generated by the experiment. These proteins, their concentrations, and clip of exposure influences the type of cell lines generated and their endurance and maintainance. There are assorted factorswhich demand to be considered before choosing a peculiar method as the distinction protocol. The initial cell lines of hESCs used for distinction, The concluding line of descents desired, The selction schemes should take to high grades of distinction rates, The schemes should be expandible for many coevalss of cells lines, and repeatable without much alteration in distinction efficiency. The end point cell lines must be stable, and should expose appropriate maps specific for the cells and must besides be stable in the transplanted animate being theoretical accounts. The assorted protocols available and the efficiency degrees have been reviewed by Smith 2001. Out of all the above challenges, keeping the root cells for many coevalss and increasing the efficiency of distinction are the most boring 1s. There has been non a great trade of advancement in hESCs, but work on mouse theoretical accounts are really positive ( Pera and Trounson 2004, Schuldiner et Al. 2000 ) . Endodermal distinction through Activin or Nodal The distinction of Embryonic root cells into the entoderm is really self-generated but the efficiency is really low. ( Itskovitz-Eldor et al. , 2000 ) . The assorted experimentations done in early 2000 s to distinguish the clinically important line of descents did non take to any success, but helped in better apprehension of assorted underlying molecular mechanisms of endodermal distinction. ( Hamazaki and Terada, 2003 ; Jones et al. , 2002 ; Blyszczuk et al. , 2003 ; Vincent et al. , 2006 ; Yamada et al. , 2002 ; Yamada et al. , 2002 ) . Nodal is one of the premier signals required for endodermal distinction of hESCs. ( Gadue et al. , 2006 ; McLean et al. , 2007 ) . Since Nodal distinction work has been really recent and non really cost effectual, activin has been used as a addendum in early experiments with low serum, ( DAmour et al. , 2005 ) . Most civilizations generated have been on monolayers. ( DAmour et al. , 2005 ; Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . Efficiency of this method is known to depend on the root cell lines used. Lower concentrations of serum bounds the phosphotidyl inositol 3 kinase activity as shown by McLean et al. , 2007. The survey besides shows that MEF conditioned medium can besides supplement for Nodal. About 25 100ng/ml of activin gives 50-60 % endodermal tissues ( Gadue et al. , 2006 ) , but in lower concentrations would bring forth skeletal cells ( Kubo et al. , 2004 ) . The surveies besides showed effects of the sum of exposure and it takes about 6 yearss for markers like Sox17 and Hex to look a nd about 5 yearss for hematopoietic primogenitors to look ( Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . In a latest survey Achromycins are used to bring on Nodal supported endodermal distinction ( Takenaga et al. , 2007 ) . This new system is known to be more efficient than the activin driven system. But the ground behind this alteration in efficiency is non clearly understood since both have about similar mechanisms of action, except for for their station translational processing. Pancreatic development from ES cells There are two constituted protocols for distinction of pancreatic islet cells from hESCs. 1.The first one involves reassigning EBs from serum to a serum free media. Lumelsky et Al. ( 2001, and so trating with FGF and other factors. These cells produced insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Although the concentrations were low and the cells formed bunchs. But this method was non consistent invivo and did non give positive consequences in mice theoretical accounts. After this, the protocol has seen assorted alterations. Some of them are, usage of Pax 4 written text factor Blyszczuk et Al. 2003, Pdx1 Miyazaki et Al. 2004, suppression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by LY294002 ( Hori et al. 2002. After these interventions the end point differentiated cells the cells performed better in the mouse theoretical accounts to handle hyperglycaemic conditions. There are two nonallelic insulin cistrons, insulin I and insulin II ( Melloul et al. 2002 ) . While insulin I is expressed by -cells, insulin II is by and large expressed in the yolk pouch and developing encephalon in add-on to the pancreas ( Deltour et al. 1993 ; Devaskar et Al. 1993 ; Giddings et Al. 1994 ) . Since these modified civilizations contained neural cells, it can be explained that this lead to the remedy of hyperglycaemic provinces, and this was confirmed by the survey of Sipione et Al. ( 2004 Another survey besides shows that these pancreatic islet like cells absorb insulin into bunchs and within themselves and let go of them during programmed cell death. Rajagopal et Al. 2003 In a ulterior survey activin, exendin -4 and nicitinamide were used to bring forth pancreatic islet like cells which expressed Insulin I with high efficiency. Ku et Al. ( 2004 2. The 2nd attack for the coevals of islet-like constructions is based on development in heterogenous populations derived from hESCs after intervention with serum. ( Kahan et al. 2003This method like the old 1 has really low efficiency but has positive consequences. The attendant cells display most features of the pancreatic islet cells like look of insulin and hundred peptide but in farinaceous signifiers. Again these cells were non capable of supplying insulin for long footings to handle hyperglycaemic phases. A farther survey into this showed that Pdx1 is expressed in early phases of pancreatic development. ( Murtaugh and Melton 2003 ) . The survey besides showed that the organ is dpecified by the gut entoderm. The civilizations was established in G418 + media and were injected into hyperglycemic mouse theoretical accounts for 12 hebdomads and after 12 hebdomads the cell were seen to lose their functionality. Treatment with retanoic acid did non take to pancreatic cells but were endodermal which was proved by a cistron look survey. There have been contaminations in big graduated tables, particularly of the splanchnic entoderm line of descent, and even these cells are known to show pdx1. ( McGrath and Palis 1997 ) . This can be used as a selective marker to take for the differentiated cells. The experiments have besides been done on hESCs and like the mouse cell lines the efficiency is really low. ( Assady et Al. 2001 ) . Hepatocyte development from ES cells Hamazaki et al.,2001have generated a multistep protocol that includes specific growing factors in different phases of distinction taking to the hepatocyte like cells in the civilizations. A farther survey shows that they produce albumens. ( Chinzei et al. 2002 ) . These attendant cells were treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene in order to avoid proliferation of hepatocytes and were tested invivo in mice. Although really low figure, albumin bring forthing cells were detected about 4 hebdomads after injection. One of the surveies identifies cytochrome P450 as a liver specific cistron and this can be used as a distinction marker. Jones et Al. ( 2002 ) . It is besides found that it is non expressed in splanchnic entoderm. Another survey uses indocyanine green ( ICG ) as a marker of hepatocyte development in ES distinction civilizations. Yamada et Al. ( 2002a ) ICG-positive cells in civilizations could be separated easy as heatocyte like cells. This has been possible in human civilizations besides. ( Rambhatla et al. 2003 ) . To bring forth these cells, the civilizations were treated with Na butyrate, a process that killed important Numberss of the distinguishing population. The cells that survived this intervention gave rise to a population that displayed many characteristics of hepatocytes. Although the attack is assuring and consequences in the development of hepatocyte-like cells, the physiological relevancy of the Na butyrate intervention is ill-defined and can non be used in invivo experiments. The old research work in distinguishing hESCs shows some positive consequences and besides repeat the fact that the cells with features of pancreatic -cells and hepatocytes can be generated in helium cell distinction civilizations and the efficiency can be improved merely when extremely enriched primogenitors are accessible and different methodological analysiss for their coevals are defined and are tested in carnal theoretical accounts of diabetes and liver failure for long periods of clip. Molecular features which define Definitive entoderm Foxa2 and Sox17 are known to be expressed in most signifiers of line of descents of unequivocal entoderm as mentioned earlier. This is in add-on to assorted markers specific to assorted line of descents like Brachyury, Goosecoid, Lhx1, MixL1, PDGFR? and Wnt3a ( DAmour et al. , 2005 ; Gadue et al. , 2006 ; Kubo et al. , 2004 ; Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . Cxcr4 is known to be portion of the signalling cascade involved ( Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . Eomesendoderm is found to move upstream of Mixl1 in endodermal distinction. ( Izumi et al. , 2007 ) . There have been assorted RNA profiling and micro array analysis of assorted cistrons off late to understand this cascade wholly so that in can be reproduced in the research labs. Applications hESCs can be used as tools to understand basic inquiries in developmental biological science and can be used to work out assorted complex medical inquiries. These cells can specifically be used to understand cell destiny specifications, for illustration, the antero-posterior committedness of the unequivocal entoderm cells. They can besides be used as beginning for endodermal cells for biochemical or immunochemical assaies. The hESCs can besides be used to organize three dimentional scaffolds of peculiar endodermal tissues of involvement to analyze endodermal organ diseases. Endoderm regionalization and morphogenesis Assorted marker proteins identified show differed forms from entoderm to organ development. The place of the assorted endodermal primogenitors in the crude run shows their ulterior antero-posterior ( AP ) and medio-lateral place ( Franklin et al. , 2008 ; Lawson et al. , 1986 ; Tam et al. , 2004 ) . The entoderm at this phase can be divided into anterior and posterior countries. Homeo box cistrons are known to be expressed inhESCs ( Hesx1 ) ( Thomas and Beddington, 1996 ) are found merely in the anterior entoderm. It is besides found that anterior entoderm in the early phase with posterior mesoblasts induces posterior cistrons in the entoderm ( Wells and Melton, 2000 ) . The organ formation is driven by extra local signals together with the cascade of signalling which drives the endodermal distinction. Some of the escavated 1s are as follows: Fgf2 is found to be necessary for the development of liver and lungs which is produced by the cardiac anlage. Deutsch et al. , 2001, Serls et al. , 2005. Another factor found to bring on liver development is the BMP4 Rossi et al. , 2001. Another Fgf factor, Fgf10 is shown to play a function in assorted organ development including pancreas, cecum, lungs and tummy secretory organs ( Bhushan et al. , 2001 ; Burns et al. , 2004 ; Nyeng et al. , 2007 ; Sekine et al. , 1999 ) . It is frequently seen that modeling the endodermal cells derived from hESCs is really tough. Some old surveies show that activin goaded distinction coupled with little concentrations of the BMP and FGF ( Gouon-Evans et al. , 2006 ) . Retinoic acid and Fgf10 in absence of Shh leads to pancreatic development. ( DAmour et al. , 2006 ; Kroon et al. , 2008 ) . After distinction for twosome of times or at each transition, all these factors have to be looked for and it must be ensured that it is consistent through out the transitions. Applications of endodermal distinction Can be used to bring forth whole variety meats by utilizing root ce

Capabilities and Effects of Background Music Essay Example for Free

Capabilities and Effects of Background Music Essay Nonverbal communication speaks louder than verbal communication; therefore, nonverbal communication, such as background music, needs to be sensibly evaluated. As a form of nonverbal communication, background music is capable of influencing a target audience. In advertising, emotions can be shifted depending on the music being played in the background and the same feelings are then transferred to the product, providing a tremendous advantage in business (Dillman Carpentier, 2010). Music can change one’s mood; in the workplace, an improved mood allows employees to be more content and, overall, more productive. In addition, with the right musical selection, the music is able to increase the amount of information an individual is able to retain (Balch & Lewis, 1996). Various aspects from several studies have been examined, demonstrating the power of background music and music in general. The Capabilities and Effects of Background Music Nonverbal communication may be unintentional and speakers may not be aware of their behaviors or it may be just the opposite (Troester & Mester, 2007). However, background music is often carefully selected in order to aid in the desired goal, particularly in advertising (Dillman Carpentier, 2010; Kellaris, Cox, & Cox, 1993). The goals of every businessperson may not be the same; yet, the capabilities and effects of music are rather consistent (Dillman Carpentier, 2010). Whether via television, radio, or in person, music is able to affect the moods of those in the audience (Knobloch, 2003). Music also has the ability to improve the performance of the task at hand of an individual (Fassbender, Richards, Bilgin, Thompson, & Heiden, 2012). According to Balch and Lewis (1996), an increase in memory is also induced by music. In any aspect of business, the effects of music can be utilized and even increase efficiency and productivity. One’s mood determines the way one thinks and acts and what is said (Knobloch, 2003; Hunter, Schellenberg, & Schimmack, 2010). According to Hunter et al., â€Å"music is the language of emotions† (p. 47). The perception of music determines the emotion felt. The perception of happiness is more often transferred to feeling happy than the perception of sadness and feeling sad (Hunter, Schellenberg, & Schimmack, 2010). Davies (2011) refers to the emotions of music as being contagious. When one is around people who are depressed, that person’s mood adjusts closer to those who are in the depressed state. Similarly, although a person may not actually be sad, a sad part in a movie can make that person feel sad; the same applies to music. Hearing music that sounds happy can make one feel happy and to the contrary. Davies models this as a cause and effect relationship. The music being heard is the cause and the effect is one’s reaction to the music. Whether the reaction is happy or sad is dependent upon the perception of the music to the listener. Sounds that reflect happiness include little amplitude variation, a vast pitch variety, and fast tempo (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1993). Therefore, when one hears these sounds of happy music, emotional contagion is invoked on the subject and causes that person to feel happy. In advertisements, music is selected as an enhancement but also to affect mood. It is a company’s goal to influence potential buyers by creating a positive attitude and feeling towards that company’s product. With a positive image in mind of a particular product, there is a greater likelihood that the consumer will purchase the product (Dillman Carpentier, 2010). An average of more than 9.5 hours of media is taken in by the average American on a daily basis; of those hours, 38% is dedicated to music – all of which affects mood in some way (Knobloch, 2003). In addition, according to Dillman Carpentier, 90% of commercials include music of some sort (2010). The preceding statistics show the value of music to consumers and therefore, reflect the importance music-induced moods have in marketing. Not only is music able to affect one’s mood but it is also capable of increasing the performance of an individual (North & Hargreaves, 1999). According to Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky, the IQ scores of the participants of their study were highest when the participants were under the influence of music (1993). In the other two trials, the participants went through a relaxation process and sat in silence for 10 minutes; the scores were 2.95 and 3.56 points respectively lower (Rauscher, Shaw, & Ky, 1993). Some teachers have started using music to increase the focus and efficiency of students. Relaxing music is played to keep the students’ minds from wandering and, instead, concentrated on the lesson. The relaxing music causes one’s brainwave frequencies to alter, entering the alpha state. The alpha state has been found to be the state where the best connection to one’s subconscious is made (Fassbender, Richards, Bilgin, Thompson, & Heiden, 2012). Koenen’s and Restak’s (as cited in Fassbender et al., 2012) findings have both supported that music inhibits thought. Restak’s claim is based on a study conducted with surgeons as the participants. Due to differing parts of the brain being used for music and for physical tasks, the music doesn’t inhibit the task but keeps the other part of the brain occupied and, therefore, from becoming distracted (Fassbender et al., 2012). In another study, surgeons were asked to count backwards by various numbers under three different conditions and were monitored throughout their tasks. The different conditions were no music, music of personal preference, and experimenter-selected music. Each surgeon was individually tested and each surgeon’s blood pressure, pulse, timing, and accuracy were recorded. The results showed a significant difference among the three conditions and the areas being monitored. The surgeons’ blood pressures and pulses were at much higher levels when performing the tasks without music. The results of the tasks with the presence of music showed lower blood pressures and pulses but an increase in the speeds and accuracies of the surgeons. Of the two music conditions, the overall results of the surgeons were better when listening to music of their choice rather than the experimenter-selected music. The participants of the study are of a profession that undergoes much stress in the operating room; by listening to music of their choice, the effects of stress decrease and the quality of performances increase (Allen & Blascovich, 1994). The studies of Dr. Adrian C. North provide several benefits of music for employers and employees. As previously mentioned, music can affect one’s mood. In the workplace, putting the employees in a better mood will increase their productivity by improving how well they interact with their fellow employees. It has been proven that one’s mood and helpfulness are directly related (North & Hargreaves, 1999). Music has also been found to raise the employee morale, leading to a decrease in the number of absences (Furnham & Bradley, 1997; North & Hargreaves, 1999). The output per employee can also be increased in a work field involving repetitiveness. According to Johnson (2004), participants of his study (whose work was repetitive) matched the tempo of the music being played while working. Therefore, with the addition of music – causing a better mood, cooperation, and increased pace – the overall productivity and efficiency of the workforce can increase and, in turn, boost the company revenue. Music is a friend of labour for it lightens the task by refreshing the nerves and spirit of the worker – William Green ( quoted in Furnham & Bradley, 1997) Although music and its relationship to human memory are still being researched, scientists do know that music affects several parts of the brain (Weir & Nevins, 2010). Cognitive neuroscientist, Petr Janata, says, â€Å" It [music] calls back memories of a particular person or place, and you might all of a sudden see that person’s face in your mind’s eye† (Weir & Nevins, 2010, p. 12). According to John Sweller, one must relate what is being learned to something that is already known (2003). Studies have proven the word-for-word is much higher when heard with music than when heard without music (Wallace, 1994). Wallace also suggests the musical accompaniment is used as a retrieval device or as an aid in the way the words are stored. The belief is that the music accents the words being spoken by acting as a cue when determining the number of syllables in a word and words in a verse (Wallace, 1994). It has also been shown that some memories are solely dependent on music being the trigger to recall them (Balch & Lewis, 1996). In marketing and advertising, music plays a significant role on one’s memory. Most can probably identify the brand image, along with the melody, by simply reading, â€Å"five, five-dollar foot long† (Weir & Nevins, 2010) due to the capability of music that allows one to recall melody and image from the text read (and the contrary) (Wallace, 1994). Pertaining to memory, music can also serve as an aid in health services (Simmons-Stern, Budson, & Ally, 2010). According to a study by Simmons-Stern et al., patients with Alzheimer’s disease were able to recall more of the information they were given when it was sung rather than spoken. It is thought to be possible that these findings may aid in discovering a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease patients (Simmons-Stern et al., 2010). There is no doubt music plays a role in everyone’s life in some way. The effects of music are nearly unavoidable due to the fact that music is incorporated into such a variety of activities and places and can cause differentiating feelings and results. Sad music can spread sadness (through emotional contagion) and infect the listener with that sadness, causing the listener’s mood to worsen. On the contrary, music is also able to make one feel happy (Davies, 2011). In the workplace, music is able to improve the mood of employees, motivate employees, and quicken the pace of the work being done (Furnham & Bradley, 1997). By playing upbeat music where the work to be done is monotonous, the workers are less irritated and fall in rhythm with the beat of the music. A workforce that has a higher rate of productivity can ultimately benefit the company by increasing the profits (North & Hargreaves, 1999). Music also accentuates words and increases the memorabilia of those words; this can be quite beneficial in advertisements (Weir & Nevins, 2010). Another benefit music offers, with regards to memory, is as a possible treatment for patients with Alzheimer’s disease (Simmons-Stern, Budson, & Ally, 2010). Regardless of being a form of nonverbal communication or where it may appear, music strongly affects human beings with its ample array of capabilities. References Allen, K. P., & Blascovich, J. P. (1994). Effects of Music on Cardiovascular Reactivity Among Surgeons. Journal of The American Medical Association, 272(11), 882-884. Balch, W. R., & Lewis, B. S. (1996). Music-Dependent Memory: The Roles of Tempo Change and Mood Mediation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(6), 1354-1363. Davies, S. (2011). Infectious Music: Music-Listener Emotional Contagion. In A. Coplan, & P. Goldie, Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press. Dillman Carpentier, F. R. (2010). Innovating Radio News: Effects of Background Music Complexity on Processing and Enjoyment. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 17(1), 63-81. Douglas Olsen, G. (1995). Creating the Contrast: The Influence of Silence and Background Music on Recall and Attribute Importance. Journal of Advertising, 59(4), 29-44. Fassbender, E., Richards, D., Bilgin, A., Thompson, W. F., & Heiden, W. (2012). The Effects of Music on Mem ory for Facts Learned in a Virtual Environment. Computers and Education, 58(1), 490-500. Furnham, A., & Bradley, A. (1997). Music While You Work: The Differential Distraction of Background Music on the Cognitive Test Performance of Introverts and Extraverts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11, 445-455. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 2(3), 96-99. Hunter, P. G., Schellenberg, E. G., & Schimmack, U. (2010). Feelings and Perceptions of Happiness and Sadness Induced by Music: Similarities, Differences, and Mixed Emotions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(1), 47-56. Johnson, V. W. (2004). Effect of Musical Style on Spontaneous Exercise Performance. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 24, 357. Kellaris, J. J., Cox, A. D., & Cox, D. (1993, October). The Effect of Background Music on Ad Processing: A Contingency Explanation. Journal of Marketing, 57, 114-125. Knobloch, S. (200 3, June). Mood Adjustment via Mass Communication. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 233-250. North, A. C., & Hargreaves, D. J. (1999). Music and Driving Game Performance. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 285-292. North, A. C., & Hargreaves, D. J. (1999). Musical Tempo, Productivity, and Morale. Unpublished Manuscript. Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N. (1993). Music and Spatial Task Performance. Nature, 365, 611. Simmons-Stern, N. R., Budson, A. E., & Ally, B. A. (2010). Music as a Memory Enhancer in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3164-3167. Sweller, J. (2003). Evolution of Human Cognitive Architecture. San Diego: Academic Press. Troester, R., & Mester, C. (2007). Chapter 7: Nonverbal Civility. In Civility in Business & Professional Communication (pp. 87-105). Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. Wallace, W. T. (1994). Memory for Music: Effect of Melody on Recall of Text. Jornal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1471-1485. Weir, K., & Nevins, D. (2010). Music and Your Mind. Current Health Kids, 34(1), p. 10. Capabilities and Effects of Background Music. (2016, Dec 08).

Nutrition Data and Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nutrition Data and Analysis - Assignment Example It is evident from the data that I am below the target of all the required food types or kinds that I am supposed to take in order to be in a position to count that I am eating healthy. All the graphs are showing a trend below the target for good and healthy eating. This aspect cuts across all the 12 graphs s shown above. My diet therefore, fails to meet the minimum amounts of needed food kinds to make me a healthy person. Basing on the data above, the weight of my height falls above the recommended health range. I think this can increase the risk of contracting diseases and facing or experiencing several problems of health. I may need to consider weight loss in order to be fit and healthy. My diet therefore, needs to be enhanced a bit and checked to ensure that it balances out well in order to make sure that what I take ends up making me healthy rather than exposing me to risks of disease. It may be important that I talk to a nutritionist or a health provider in order to seek guidance and help with selecting what is healthy for me to take. The counseling will include the pattern and the progam for eating and physical activity in order to balance out well and to eat healthy foods. This will greatly assist me in managing my weight, ensuring that I set goals, and I track the calories that I take. When carrying out an activity that is moderate, I can talk while when doing one that is vigorous I can say some few words when holding my breath. In order to increase the fibre level in my diet, I may have to choose foods rich in fibre as compared to those that lack fibre. This will help in the enhancement of my body tissues. In sufficient in-take of proteins and carbohydrates for instance, may contribute to illnesses. Therefore, I will need to watch keenly the amounts of all this types of food that I take so that I do not end up not balancing them. A healthy diet will ensure that I keep fit and safe. My body will not be susceptible to

Advertising and its Effects on Childhood Obesity Research Paper

Advertising and its Effects on Childhood Obesity - Research Paper Example This essay "Childhood obesity affected by advertising" outlines the connection between junk food advertisement and the level of children obesity. Young children are easily hooked when a product is displayed with the endorsement of role models or cartoon characters that they literally worship. For children who are not keen about cartoons, there are advertisements that portray peers of their own age, which is something that no child can resist following. Advertisements achieve success in their mission of penetrating children’s most basic desires. On the flipside, a child who has to grow strong with lots of physical activity gets relegated to the menial position of a couch potato and in the bargain compromises his or her potential for proper development and becomes obese. Considering the case of children that fall in the age group of 6-11, 22% of Mexican American kids are found to be overweight, 20% African American kids and 14% of non-Hispanic White kids also fall under the same category. â€Å"The childhood obesity epidemic is a serious public health problem that increases morbidity, mortality, and has substantial long term economic and social costs. The rates of obesity in America’s children and youth have almost tripled in the last quarter century. Approximately 20% of our youth are now overweight with obesity rates in preschool age children increasing at alarming speed. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled among children ages 2 to 5 (5.0% to 12.4%) and ages 6 to 11 (6.5% to 17.0%)†

Comaprison Theorist Essay Example for Free

Comaprison Theorist Essay Sigmund Freud’s approach to personality would be and still is a debate within our society today. Researchers and psychologist are still observing his approach and there are still unanswered questions. One approach Freud did not use was how our society and culture would effect the person we all would become. The one thing that most Neo-Freudian’s agreed on was that early childhood experiences would have an effect on your personality development. Freud laid the path for psychologist and many would take what they learned from him and go in their own direction. Alfred Adler was one Neo-Freudian that disagreed with Freud. Their disagreement was not only professional it became personal. Adler approach was called the individual psychology. He helped us understand personality with striving for superiority, how our parents were an influence on our personalities as children and the effect of our birth order. Adler like Freud believed that your earlier years were important when it came to shaping your personality when you became and adult. One thing Adler believed is that the parent’s role would affect the child. The first thing parents should not do is give the child too much attention. By stating this Adler meant pampering. He believed that pampering would take away children’s independence. They become more dependent on people, and they don’t learn how to make their own decisions. He believed that they should be able to make mistakes and make their own decisions, because this would be good for them and they would learn to be more dependent. Another mistake  parents make stated Adler was they would not give children enough attention, which would lead to neglect. If children don’t receive enough attention they would grow up to be distant, and would not know how to be intimate or carry on a relationship. Adler was the first psychologist to mention that the order in which you were born would shape your personality. Comparison of Theorists3 Carl Jung also would leave Freud and Freud would feel betrayed by that. He took him leaving personal as well. Jung was curious with religious concepts. He would take Freud’s idea of unconscious and put his own twist to it. We as people would inherit our physical characteristics, but Jung believed we inherited unconscious psychic characterics as well. After Jung left Freud he would travel around the world and study other cultures and this is were he would base his theory on. He relied a lot on ancient mythology and Eastern religion. Jung believed that the collective unconscious is made up by something called the primordial images. These images would help people respond to our society in a different way, there called archetypes. Basically Jung would describe the collective unconscious as the concept of instincts. He also believed that every man had a feminine side and female had a masculine side. He had three archetypes that he spoke on the anima which is the feminine side of the male, and the animus is the masculine side of female. Stating this, Jung was the first psychologist to point out people would have both male and female characteristics within themselves. Another archetype he had was called the shadow. The shadow was known as the dark side that people would possess. It does not actually mean that people are evil. The main thing that Jung is known for was his focus on introversive and extroversive types. An introvert was someone who focused more inwardly, this person was not the social type and focused more on themselves. An extravert focus just the opposite their focus was outward. Jung, like Freud would stay on the topic of human behavior. Karen Horney was a female psychologist who disagreed with how Freud viewed women. Freud stated that men and women were born with different personalities. (pg 111 n.d.). Horney would disagree with that, she thought  that our social and culture played a bigger role in our  Comparison of Theorists4  personality then biology. She studied a term called neurosis, which means neurotic. Horney’s definition of neurotic is that people are trapped in a self-defeating interpersonal style. The way people interact with others prevents them from developing the social contact they unconsciously crave. (pg 112 n.d.). This will lead to a defense mechanism to help with their feeling of anxiety. Freud would say neurosis was an unconscious battle between various aspects of personality. Horney would state that it would start off in your childhood. Horney had three styles neurotics would use to avoid anxiety experiences. They were called â€Å"moving away from people†, â€Å"moving toward people†, â€Å"moving against people.† Moving away from people, this is when children would learn to just tune people out. When in a hostile environment or situation, instead of engaging with the others they would just tune the person out. Basically ignore the situation. As adults they become sheltered. They would find jobs with little interactions and they would reframe from being in a relationship or intimate. These people would become emotionless and if attached to someone or something the feeling of emptiness while a child would all return. Moving toward people, these people become very dependent on others. They yearn for affection and strive to get accepted by their parents. This yearning would temporally relive them for any anxiety they are having, but in later years they would rely on this. As adults they would have more then usual need for love and affection. They don’t want to be lonely, and believe that any relationship they are in is a relationship. They are demanding affection and don’t know how to love, they are more clingy. Moving against people, these people would rather fight. They have the urge to have power while pushing around children. These individuals believe that being aggressive and mean you can get what you can in that form. You basically take control of the matter before anyone else does. One thing that Horney debated about was Freud theory on  Comparison of Theorists5  women. Freud stated women had â€Å"penis envy†, which is the desire that every girls as to be a boy†(pg 114 n.d.). Horney disagreed and stated that men envy us women and the ability we have to bear and nurse children, this was called the â€Å"womb envy†. Horney was not stating that men were not pleased with themselves but simply stating that we all have qualities that each other admirer. Horney did point out when Freud was making his theory on woman that he was living in a time where woman were treated the way they should have been, he was living in a era where the culture would have helped his influence on the decisions he made for women. Erick Erikson would use some of Freud ideas in his theory; he would add some of his own ideas. Freud believed that the ego was between id impulses and superego demand; however Erikson believed that the ego played a bigger part. Erikson believed that the ego played a powerful, independent part of personality. (pg 106 n.d.). It would help with your identity, and your need to over come the environment. Your ego is to help you get your sense of identity. The term identity crisis comes from Erikson. You would usually find this in adolescents; they seem to not know which way they are going in life. Freud ended his personality development around six years of age, as for Erikson he said it would continue throughout a person’s life. By saying this he gave us eight stages that start from when you are a baby until you’re at an old age. The first stage is basic trust versus mistrust this stage is during infancy years, newborns have no choice but to rely on everyone around them. Autonomy versus shame and doubt is during the toddler’s years, when children want to feel powerful and independent. At the toddler stage Adler stated parents should not pamper, as for Erikson he stated they should not be overprotective at this stage. Initiative versus guilty is early childhood, children learn how to organize and they will learn to set goals and kick down and challenges that come their way. Industry versus. Comparison of Theorists6  inferiority is elementary school age years, this when children soon find out  there is more competition out their in the world. Identity versus role confusion is adolescence years, when teenagers find out who they are and what they want in life. Intimacy versus isolation is young adulthood years, when you seek for the relationship you have always longed for. Generatively versus stagnation is adulthood years, when you want to guide the next generation because you feel as though you have not done everything you want in your life. Ego integrity versus despair is old age years, when you look at your past life and smile you know you have that sense of integrity, but if you don’t you know at this time, it’s too late because time is short now. These four Neo-Freudians have their own approach on personality psychology. When reading all of their perspectives, I would agree to disagree with most. I agreed with Erikson’s approach with the eight stages, Horney was believable because I am a woman and I could relate to where she was coming with her feminine psychology approach. Jung was the more vibrant one and he dug deep into different cultures, and I disagreed with Adler’s approach with the birth order, but would agree with his perspective on how parents pampered and neglected their children. So like there are still debates and intellectual conversations about personality psychology, I would have to debate as well, because there are so many different approaches you can lean towards when it comes to this topic. Comparison of Theorists7 References Burger, J. (2010). Personality. CengageLearning. Eighth edition