Pollution Essay: Don’t Blame Me for Global Warming -- Environment, Clim

In excess of 17,000 researchers have marked an appeal saying human exercises don't take steps to disturb the atmosphere. This staggering measure of individuals has been advised to not be right by one assortment of individuals. This body is our administration, for a long time now they have talked about the shocking circumstances originating from a dangerous atmospheric devation. This looks bad; with the realities and data that we have gotten throughout the years they despite everything bolster this outrageous thought. People never really add to a dangerous atmospheric devation; the sporadic atmosphere occasions are simply regular events. These events are no more odd to our history either. (â€Å"Global Warm Up†)(â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†) The latest instance of huge warming was between the years 1850 and 1940. Most researchers state this ascent in warmth was not brought about by nursery gasses. On the off chance that this was not brought about by nursery gasses, it demonstrates that there are seasons of unpredictable warming of the world. There have been different events of unpredictable warmth. The greatest and most compelling event is known as the MWP. (â€Å"The Real 'Badly designed Truth'†) (â€Å"Medieval Warm Period†) The MWP, or Medieval Warm Period, happened between AD 950 and AD 1250. It was a time of warmth, surpassing the temperatures of the late twentieth century. Individuals for an Earth-wide temperature boost have said that human exercises add to causing an unnatural weather change. Utilizing the MWP as confirmation, we realize that we people were not adding to nursery gasses. Supporters of an unnatural weather change say that we add to nursery gasses which thus influence the temperature. On the off chance that this is valid, for what reason would the temperature rise 1000 years prior on the off chance that we didn’t even make nursery gasses? It’s on the grounds that what's going on this moment, is only a characteristic occasion. To check this sta... ...eenhouse impact. I realize that individuals have their feelings, some informed and some not, my sentiment is that we don't cause the nursery impact which thusly implies we don’t cause an Earth-wide temperature boost. Works Cited Barry Wigmore â€Å"Global warming? It’s characteristic state experts† DailyMail. 13 September 2007. Web. 22, 2010. Blood, Albert. An Inconvenient Truth: the Crisis of Global Warming. New York: Viking, 2007. Print. Blood, Albert. Our Choice: a Plan to Solve the Climate Crisis. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2009. Print. Manav, Tanneeru â€Å"Global warming: A characteristic cycle or human result?† CNN. 11 June, 2007. Web. 22 Nov, 2010. Morgan, Sally. An unnatural weather change. Chicago, IL: Heinemann Library, 2003. Print. â€Å"Global Warm Up† A Round Table. N.d.Web. 22 Nov, 2010. â€Å"The Real 'Awkward Truth'† Junk Science. N.d. Web. 22 Nov, 2010. â€Å"Medieval Warm Period† Wikipedia. N.d. Web. 22 Nov, 2010.

The Lottery, a short story written by Shirley Jackson, is a tale of disturbing evilness Essay Example For Students

The Lottery, a short story composed by Shirley Jackson, is a story of upsetting evilness Essay The Lottery, a short story composed by Shirley Jackson, is a story of upsetting evilness. The setting is a little town comprising of around 300 occupants. On June 27th of consistently the individuals from the network hold a town wide lottery in which everybody is relied upon to take an interest. All through the story the peruser gets an odd inclination with respect to the occupants. In spite of the fact that they are gathering for a lottery drawing there is a demeanor of anxiety about the occasion. Through and through there is a mind-boggling sense that something awful is going to occur because of the creators inside and out utilization of foretelling. The main indication that something unusual is going on is drawn out into the open in the subsequent passage. After Jackson portrays the late spring morning, she implies the kids assembling in the Village Square, yet they are acting very bizarre. Bobby Martin had just stuffed his pockets brimming with stones, and different young men before long followed his example㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦eventually made an incredible heap of stones in a single corner of the square and protected it against the strikes of different young men Text, 782. The principal question we should ask is for what valid reason are the young men heaping stones up in the town square? In any event we realize that the stones will assume a significant job in the ultimate result. Each after section contains inconspicuous signs with respect to what will unfurl. After the entirety of the kids have assembled the men start to fill the square, trailed by the entirety of the ladies. They stood together, away from the heap of stones in the corner Text, 783. The way that the stood away from the stones, once more, educates the peruser that the stones assume some vile job. Apprehension among the individuals is apparent due to the childrens hesitance to join their folks remaining in the square. Now in the story the peruser ought to have an inclination that the lottery being depicted isnt going to have a lovely result for somebody in the populace. One specific line on page 784, in the last section, provides the peruser guidance in understanding the lottery result. The storyteller depicts Mrs. Hutchinsons entrance saying, She tapped Mrs. Delacroix on the arm as a goodbye and cleared her path through the group. The word goodbye is utilized as hinting to the peak of the story. Ordinarily when an individual enters a horde of individuals they are welcomed, yet not Mrs. Hutchinson for she is clearly leaving. Closer the peak the traces of hinting nearly part with the mystery. Elderly person Warner says, sufficiently bad to see youthful Joe Summers up there messing with everyone Text, 786, in this way showing the lottery was a serious issue. It is clearly going to have a significant effect on somebodys life. The individuals realized that consistently there would have been a lottery, and they kept up a comical inclination to go with their disgruntlement. Taking part in the attracting was a need to them, and for reasons not talked about, they acknowledged it. Another reference to the earnestness of the event is depicted when Mr. Summers the lottery official says, Well now㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦guess we better begin, get this over with, so we can return to work. Anyone aint here? Content, 785. By and by it doesnt sound like the individuals included are too on edge to even consider finding out who will be the fortunate victor. At the point when Mr. Summers starts calling names, the inhabitants apprehensively present themselves, ignorant of their predetermination, to haul pieces of paper out of the little dark lottery box. No one is to take a gander at their sheet of paper until the entirety of the individuals from the town had drawn. .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02 , .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02 .postImageUrl , .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02 , .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02:hover , .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02:visited , .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02:active { border:0!important; } .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02:active , .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02:hover { darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u6a2b42a f6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u6a2b42af6559381c7b38a9e2bb53ab02:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: B.J. Rice EssayThis activity adds tension to the story. The peruser won't comprehend what is going to occur until the finish of the story except if they have gotten on Jacksons solid utilization of hinting. The story at long last starts to unfurl as everybody inspects the individual slips. For a moment, nobody moved, and afterward all the pieces of paper were opened. Unexpectedly, all the ladies started to talk on the double, saying, Who right? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Bill Hutchinsons got it Text, 787. Doomsday is upon the Hutchinsons, and the Missus is shouting and whining that the lottery wasnt reasonable. Because of her activities the peruser now realizes that she will be the one, however what is obscure is the prize. All through the story the individuals of the town have been nervous because of this yearly occasion about which the peruser knows practically nothing. The stones that were referenced in the main passage of the story now return the plot and cause harm. After all of Jacksons utilization of foretelling the peruser at long last discovers what the lottery champ will get. The entirety of the individuals from the town go the heap of stones, get a handfull and stone Mrs. Hutchinson as she shouts It isnt reasonable, it isnt rightText, 789. In the wake of perusing the initial 3 or 4 sentences of The Lottery it is obvious that something peculiar is going on in the modest little town. Shirley Jackson utilizes a plenitude of foretelling which shows, to a certain extent, what is going to happen to the champ of the lottery drawing. There is at any rate one marker inside every individual section, which tells the peruser that the lottery is evil, and that the individuals of the town are not anticipating its beginning.

4 Reasons Your Company Needs a Brand Ambassador Program

4 Reasons Your Company Needs a Brand Ambassador Program Your company may not be doing very well. Not only are your sales low, several customer service mishaps have greatly affected your business. Some customers caused drama at your store while others turned to social media to shame you.Now your competitors are reaping from your misfortunes.Your company urgently needs to get back into the game. Not only do you have a business to protect, but also some lives to sustain. Employees need their monthly salaries. Creditors need to be paid on time. New customers need to be treated well while the existing ones expect the consistent availability of great products.Your company should by now have ventured into new markets but hasn’t. Employees were to get great perks as part of their benefits but this is yet to happen. You are not even sure about it happening. Your focus is currently on turning things aroundâ€"fast.Although your marketing team does a good job, you need more than they are delivering. You need leads to be converted and sales to be cl osed. But just how do you get all that at a time when things aren’t working according to your plans?You will be happy to know that there is a marketing tactic which can help you get back on track. It is called a brand ambassador program.This is a program where you enroll one or more individuals to help you achieve your marketing goals.This articles discusses the different types of brand ambassador programs and tells you what situations call for them to be used for marketing.WHO EXACTLY IS A BRAND AMBASSADOR?A brand ambassador is someone who your company chooses to represent it. His main duty is to speak positively about your brand and inform people about your products or services.Typically, brand ambassadors are influential people in the society. They have a big following and their words and actions are easily embraced by those they influence. Though brand ambassadors used to be celebrities, that has gradually changed.They can be anyone who has enough influence to move people towa rds making certain decisions. They also need to embody the ideals of your brand.What do they do?Brand ambassadors are tasked with marketing your products and services. As such, they are an arm of your marketing team. Marketing has evolved over time and brand ambassadors provide a very necessary aspect of marketingâ€"the human aspect.Let’s face it. Most marketing today is digital.From emails, text messages to online posts on Facebook, Twitter and other social media platforms. Most emails are generally ignored and they end up cluttering the recipient’s inbox. In fact, many of your marketing emails may be getting marked as spam.If your emails are labeled as spam by enough people, you will soon be in bigger problems than you know. One major problem you may face comes when your email server gets blacklisted. When this happens, your company will not be able to send any email to other companies. This will greatly affect your business and youll have to stop everything else to deal with that.Providing the human aspect to your marketing campaigns is crucial. People identify with other people more than with mere marketing material. If you just send text messages or emails to someone who is at work, he may be too busy to read them. If you send them while he’s at home, he may be too tired to read them. If however this person hears the person he follows talk about you, he will most likely pay attention.Brand ambassadors also represent your company in various settings. For example, there may be a community event in a location where your company is not currently operating in.Or your company simply had not planned to showcase anything there. Your brand ambassador may put up a desk to promote you. If that is not possible, he may receive from you materials like pamphlets and brochures to distribute.Why do they do it?Brand ambassadors do what they do to increase your market reach. They advocate for your brand so that you are able to reach new customers and maintain the curr ent ones.If your organization is a not-for-profit, then their efforts will be to get more people to partner with you.All brand ambassadors start in either of two ways:Volunteers â€" these commonly start as your customers. They have bought your products, love them and are now loyal fans. Out of their love for your products, they spread the news of how they have changed their lives. They share this information, not so that you notice them but just to enlighten those they love. Their intention is to make those close to them become aware of a better product in the market. Others may not necessarily be your loyal customers. They may just identify with what your company stands for, your values and what you do in the community. As a result, they help increase the awareness of your brand.Hired marketers â€" these may or may not have had any prior interaction with your company. They are picked from a list of preferable brand ambassadors and enlightened on your products. They then leverage th eir networks to create awareness and advocate for what you sell. They are usually highly influential people especially on the online platforms. They have developed an authoritative voice which shapes people’s opinions. What they say is believed and they easily move people to take action.Brand ambassadors work to get you more visibility. This visibility then results in whatever you want to achieve. If you want more sales, then that’s what you will get. If you want registrations for your event, they will push for that.If you want financial contributions for a worthy cause, they will help you with that. It is all about what you want to achieve.Generally, they come between you and the society to create a good impression of your company. When you are painted in positive light, you are able to achieve your goals more easily.Are they paid?All brand ambassadors are paid marketers in the sense that they either get a regular pay from your company or some negotiated benefits. Even those wh o start as volunteers, if they get enrolled into your company’s official brand ambassador’s program, they will enjoy some form of benefit.What they get and how they get it is agreed upon when enrolling them. Remember that you are getting access to their networks for marketing. This is guaranteed to generate more revenue for you. Especially when it comes to those already established with a huge following.There may be different kinds of payments or negotiated benefits:Regular paychecks â€" your brand ambassadors are working for you. It is only fair that you recognize their efforts and give them a regular pay as agreed. You may incorporate them into your payroll system or issue them with checks at the end of the month.Fixed discounts on purchases â€" you can decide to be giving your brand ambassadors a percentage discount every time they purchase your products. This is a great money saver and will be embraced easily.Regular gifts â€" these will mainly be freebies of some of your pr oducts. Depending on your agreement, they may be given on every special day. These include birthdays, anniversaries, Christmas, Easter etc.You can also give them priorities in sampling new products before releasing them into the market. This will make them feel special and can also work well for some.TYPES OF BRAND AMBASSADOR PROGRAMSThere are different types of brand ambassadors. They vary in who they are, their networks and the agreements you have with them. Which one you choose depends on the needs of your company.You will do well to know which one is the best for the situation your company is in.Student brand ambassador programsThese programs target the young people and therefore, use students to reach their fellow students. The students may be in college, high school or in any age group. They may even be kids in elementary school.This obviously is not for every company but for those whose product or service targets this market.At the same time, your company may have decided to increase its market share. With that goal in mind, you may need to think of the young people as the drivers of that increase. The millennials have been known to be very promising consumers.Depending on what you offer, the first step will be for you to customize your product for your target market. After that, seek out some popular students who will run the show on the ground. For example, you can approach a school and engage it so as to sponsor the sports team.You can then provide samples of your products. As people sample them during a sports event, you have a stand where questions are asked and more information is provided. Purchases may be made at discounted prices too. As long as your product is great, you will definitely attract more long-term customers.The best example of a student brand ambassador program is the one run by Red Bull. Their program called Wings Team operates by employing young people who promote the drink mainly by giving free samples. Whereas those enrolled in the program enjoy every bit of it, the company is also enjoying the increased revenue.How?Red Bull gets to be known as the most common energy drink. If it is the most common, doesn’t that mean it’s great? You can be sure that someone looking for an energy drink is very likely to buy Red Bull.For some inspiration, watch this video to see how it all happens. Affiliate brand ambassador programsAffiliate brand ambassadors are people or companies which have their own businesses but endorse you in the course of their operations. It may be just a mention or a passionate advocacy for your products. Whichever way they do it, they are telling their customers or members that they can rely on your products.It is important to note that these are not the typical affiliate marketers whose primary job is to promote your goods. These are people or companies who have their own businesses which they run. As they run their businesses however, they give you some relevant credit.For example, if you sell web hosting space, one of your customers who runs an online store may speak well of your services. In so doing, they are simply saying that the reason their online store is always running smoothly is because of your great services. This positive review will make anyone thinking of starting an online store come to you.Although there are those who do this without much thought of it, you will benefit more if you recognized their efforts. If they are influential enough, you will notice customers telling you that they got to know about you through them. Your social media accounts as well as website may also experience increased activity as a result of the new fans.Recognizing affiliate brand ambassadors mostly takes the form of giving them a commission on the sales which they bring your way. You can decide that for every customer referred by them, they will get a percentage of the purchase value. This becomes an incentive for them to actively send people to your stores or website.If you are looking for something different from sales, then you will have to tailor their commission accordingly. For example, if you want registrations for a paid online course, you can offer the course to your affiliate brand ambassadors for free.Requirement-driven brand ambassador programsNormally, the people selected for such programs are influential in a certain demographic. Whatever industry they are in, their content engagement rates are high.Many people interact with the content they create or share.Therefore, when they share content about your products, you are bound to receive attention.The brand ambassadors in these programs are given very specific tasks to perform. Those tasks are usually tied to certain timelines.The agreements entered into with these individuals will have strict KPIs by which to gauge the success of the program. To facilitate smooth operations, your company will supply all the necessary information so as to ensure your products are understood.Since these are people who have developed themselves for marketing purposes, you will find that they are able to bring in results very quickly. In most cases, they are experienced in building brands and have developed unique ways of achieving their goals.Of all the different brand ambassador programs, this may be the most expensive to run. This is because the people you are engaging are experts in their own fields with knowledge and experience on how to go about their duties.Though expensive, this program also offers predictable returns quite quickly. Considering that these individuals have built themselves up, they have cultivated their following.They are brands in their own right and have worked on themselves to ensure they rank highly in their niche. As a result, the deliverables may come in faster than expected.Employee brand ambassador programsMany companies do not think much about their employees when it comes to marketing. They however lose a lot because employees understand the company ’s products perfectly. If you are a manufacturer, your employees know exactly what goes into the product.If you offer a service, they are able to explain the process and even show how your service stands out from the competition.Although they may not necessarily speak from a customer’s point of view, they are best placed to show the superiority of your product. As such, your employees could be your best brand ambassadors.These programs are started with full focus on the employees. You should however not force them into it. If there are those interested, they are the ones to work with. They should be driven by passion as much as they stand to gain some other benefits.You should train your employee brand ambassadors on what exactly to say, do, where to go etc. If you have different target markets to be reached, separate and train them accordingly.Brand ambassadors market you best when what you sell fits into their normal lifestyles. If your products don’t fit into the lifestyles of your employees but they want to be ambassadors, then train them on the kind of demeanor to exhibit.This will enable them reach those targeted and bring you success.Informal brand ambassador programsYou should look at all your customers as brand ambassadors. Since you cannot have formal agreements with all of them, you will put them into this kind of program. These customers are those who casually talk about your products to their friends.Much of what they say is by word of mouth. Occasionally, they may also share your stories online. Since it is not their normal business, you will have to motivate them to talk some more to their networks.How do you do this?By engaging them through your marketing team, mostly via social media.You will need to consistently provide interesting material for them to interact with. From pictures, infographics to blog content. The important thing here is that the content has to be interesting. It has to be so interesting that they can’t help but just share it out.When this continues, you will have them hooked and as they enjoy your content, they will invite their friends into it too.Still on your marketing team, you should have people who are always online to chat with these customers. This is especially important because for your content to be engaging enough, there needs to be interaction with the customers. When someone replies or likes it, your staff should be on hand to follow that with a comment or question.For a successful informal brand ambassador program, your online marketing team has to be on top of things. They should be able to understand your customers. Where possible, they should know the top customers who share about you and understand their preferences.The ability to connect with customers on an emotional level is what guarantees their loyalty.4 REASONS YOUR COMPANY NEEDS A BRAND AMBASSADOR PROGRAMAs much as this is a marketing tool, it is important to ascertain that you actually need it. You most likely have o ther types of marketing strategies working for you.So, is it time for your company to add another one?The below four reasons for having a brand ambassador program will help you answer this question. If any of the situations describes your company, then you should consider having a brand ambassador program.If two or more of them tell of the situation your company is in, then you definitely need to go for it.You need to manage your online reputationOnline reputation is valuable for any person as well as company. At the same time, it is highly volatile due to the many comments and discussions which happen on the internet. The worst thing that could happen is for your company to be facing negative reviews without your knowledge.Watch the below video for more information about negative business reviews and what you can do about them. There are some tools available to help you monitor your brand’s reputation online. Some are discussed here while others are here. All the same, monitoring alone won’t help much. You need to be able to mitigate negative publicity.If something really bad is said about your brand, then your PR team may not be in a position to sort it out. And this is where your brand ambassador comes in.Since they are well known and highly respected, all you may need is a few positive comments to negate the bad report. Someone with a high authority can easily overturn the negative comments on a forum or blog and make it seem that you were unfairly targeted.It gets better if this person has already influenced some of his friends and they have had a good experience with your brand. If this is on social media and your brand ambassador shares it, his friends will quickly pick on it.In no time, your critics will either be silenced or they will have to tone down the attack because they most likely don’t have the kind of authority your brand ambassador has.Such situations are common in industries where the competition is so stiff that underhand tactics are used to gain an upper hand.It may also happen in cases where a genuine mistake was done in your company and now it is being talked about online.You need cost-effective marketing with high returnsBrand ambassadors are very efficient marketing and sales people. When you get oneâ€"a good oneâ€"you are guaranteed to have many new customers. The responsibility on your side now becomes to ensure that those new customers experience what was promised.That, plus the constant marketing voice of your brand ambassador, will result in loyalty.By their very nature, brand ambassadors don’t come cheap. Especially those in the requirement-driven programs. If this is the case, then how is it cost-effective?The below three ways make this cheaper than other options.1. It is easier to manage one personYour brand ambassador works as per the agreement with you. This agreement details everything he needs to do and what he gets from you in return.This is way easier compared to when you have to deal with different agreements for sales people, merchandisers, extra PR staff etc.2. He does the jobs of several peopleThis is where most efficiency comes in. Your brand ambassador is an authority and so whatever he says, is accepted. If there is a negative review on a website, he deals with it.At that point, he has done the job of your PR staff. Mind you his comments as an outsider and influencer are stronger than those of your staff.When he speaks to his network and advocates for your products, he works as a sales person. Note that his sales pitch is not a mere broadcast which is more of a hit or miss mission. Being an influencer guarantees results.When you tell him about your promotional event, he just needs to mention it and there will be people coming. If he attends the event himself, then your advertising costs are further reduced.3. Increased revenues are guaranteedAny good brand ambassador will guarantee increased sales. Just their word of mouth is enough to do it. When they speak ab out your brand severally, then the stream of customers can only grow longer.This is due to the amount of influence they have over their networks. To a good extent, it also depends on your agreement with them and how much you make them like your company. This is in spite of the benefits they get from you.If you manage to make them love your brand, then they will put in some natural passion into advocating for it. They will gladly wear shirts branded with your company name, show up at your events without notice and go out of their way to do more.Something like attending your events unannounced makes a big statement when they post a picture of it online. The people following them will understand that to mean that they can meet your brand ambassador at your events.This makes them want to stay tuned to news about your events so they can attend.If you are thinking of the Return on Investment, then brand ambassadors cannot disappoint. What you just need to do is get two things right: your target market and your brand ambassador.You need to build trust for your brandBuilding trust is never an easy thing. And if your company is relatively small in comparison to the competition, it may be more difficult. Fortunately, although there are things you can do, brand ambassadors can make it easier for you. It all comes down to who says what about your brand.Watch the below video to understand how trust is important and why customers prefer brands they trust. Your company may be a startup or one established but not growing. And if you are overshadowed by the competition, doing business becomes a real struggle. Your brand ambassador therefore comes in to help you level the field a little bit.With their influence, a positive mention will go a long way in building your brand’s trust. Soon enough, you may have a strong brand with your products attracting more customers.After analyzing the market and discussing some strategies, he will embark on the journey of building trust for y our brand. When your brand is trusted, it becomes easier to grow. Other marketing strategies also start paying off because trust is the foundation of everything.One way of going about it is by giving him samples of your product so he experiences them. You probably will have to give him many samples for him to share with friends. By the time he is talking about your brand and his friends attest to what he says, you will notice the difference.How do you know if your brand is gaining trust? You can use any of the following simple ways:Monitor your salesIncreased sales are one of the surest ways to know something good is happening. When there is consistency in purchasing your products, you know that customers trust your brand to deliver what it says it will.If your company has a loyalty program, you can analyze the details of the purchases being made. You will notice more quantities being bought by the same customers while new customers are buying too.Check the conversations about your brandSocial media will be the best place for this. Instead of customers just “liking” and “sharing” your posts, they will start commenting about them. This will generate conversations which express loyalty. This creates an opportunity to offer customer service on social media.If you use tools which help you monitor where and how your brand is mentioned, you will see that these customers are taking the conversations to other platforms too.In due time, these customers will become part of your informal brand ambassador program.Check your customer feedbackYour customer care staff should also be able to notice a difference in the feedback they receive. When customers trust your brand, their language changes. Even if they are reporting a complaint, they will still be gentle about it.This is because they have developed a love for your brand. It is similar to what happens when you correct a friend you love. You want to help him become better while being careful not to hurt his feeli ngs.You need direct feedback from your customersWhen it comes to getting feedback about your brand, your own social accounts and website won’t do it all. You need to engage other parties too, like a brand ambassador.This is because there are many customers who do not visit your website, neither have they liked your Facebook page. In short, they don’t directly interact with you.These customers however, talk about the parts of their lives which touch on your product in other social settings. It may be on a Facebook page for people with similar interests. It may be on their personal social accounts or at a social event. You may not know it, but your customers are talking about you.When you however work with a brand ambassador, you start cutting down on the amount of “unknown aspects” affecting your brand. Being someone with a huge following, your brand ambassador can get this important feedback by just asking a simple indirect question.For example, on his social account, he may ask what people think about the industry you are in. He doesn’t even need to mention your company. But from the feedback he receives, he will know where your company stands as far as the public opinion is concerned.When you have this information, you can then be better prepared to handle any situation.CONCLUSIONWith the knowledge of situations which need a brand ambassador’s input, you can easily make the decision as to whether you currently need one. Upon deciding that your company should run a brand ambassador program, then the next thing would be to figure out which type is best for your situation.As long as you make the right choices, you can be sure that brand ambassador programs will not disappoint.

Masculinity in Chuck Palahniuks Work - 7062 Words

Introduction Mass culture would have most readers and viewers believing that the Post-modern American male is a simple creature. Common stereotypes margin male satisfaction in a minimal setting – a Lazyboy armchair in a lounge with a flat screen TV playing ‘the game’ along with primal banter regarding women. More often than not, this is washed down with a beer. With this array of comfort and leisure we are inclined to believe that male lifestyle has reached its peak on the timeline of satisfaction. This was until David Fincher took Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club and made it into a big budget Hollywood blockbuster. With the male demographic being the hardest to pinpoint in the literature sense, David Fincher’s adaptation helpfully†¦show more content†¦With this I will reach a conclusion, which will confirm that Palahniuk’s intention is not to attack glossy society, but general excess and weak human response to it. This problem is not exclu sive to the male sex and undermines the idea that masculinity is in crisis. Critics offer many reasons as to why masculinity has evolved into a less macho and heroic version of the historical past. Mendieta continues his essay focussing a blame for masculine confusion on the softening effects of the docile modern workplace as well as advertising and the absence of ‘a great war‘, using the fight club as a cure for this frustration. However, I believe that this analysis is just as one-layered and as an ill-informed .com purchasing site review. It is these types of approaches that have frightened audiences into believing that all men want to do is pummel each other. On the surface, the reader can presume that Palahniuk is angered by the emasculating effects of consumerism as Fight Club is a very homosocial affair, and the core of his characters and narrators are struggling men. With good looks and quick jibes, the reader can be easily mislead by Tyler Durden’s moans such as ‘I see the strongest and the smartest men who have ever lived... and these men are pumping gas and waiting tables.’3 Tyler is angered that men are no longer self-sufficient and especiallyShow MoreRelatedFight Club By Chuck Palahniuk1138 Words   |  5 Pagesessentially powered by consumerism, capitalism, and the media; supplying people’s thoughts, behaviors, feelings, and lives. The psychological novel, Fight Club, by Chuck Palahniuk, uses a man’s need for a male role of identity to fit in into society as a way of showing how consumerism can be threatening a man’s identity and masculinity. Palahniuk explores the life of a man who in an attempt to break free of a capitalist society forms a clandestine â€Å"fight club† as a form of rebellion towards societyRead MoreEssay on Fight Club: Analysis of Novel and Film1561 Words   |  7 PagesFight Club: Analysis of Novel and film Fight Club is a potent, diabolically sharp, and nerve chafing satire that was beautifully written by Chuck Palahniuk and adapted to the silver screen by David Fincher. A story masterfully brought together by mischief, mayhem, and ironically, soap. Fight Club is the definition of a cult classic because the issues dealt within the novel touched so close to home to the generation this novel was intended for, generation X. The novel was written in 1996 and quicklyRead MoreFight Club By Chuck Palahniuk1098 Words   |  5 PagesPlot is what happens in a film, easily visible for the audience but theme can be defined as the underlying message or subject matter that appears in most works of art including film. â€Å"The theme of a story is the aspect of the ‘human dilemma’ that it will explore. Betrayal, loyalty, self-worth, ambition, jealousy, hypocrisy, obsession, alienation — these are all valid themes that could explore. Note that there are no verbs involved, no value judgements inherent in potential themes. Something likeRead MoreFight Club Essay2874 Words   |  12 PagesAlan Badel English 100/Major Essay #2 Professor Raymond Morris 23 October 2015 The Fight Club Aims to Free Individuals from Society’s Emasculating Shackles Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club is an exciting fictional novel that will hold the audience captive following three revolving main characters in Marla Singer, Tyler Durden, and the narrator himself as they take the reader through confusing twists and perspectives, while providing a most revealing closure. Although the title suggests an exclusiveRead MoreConsumerism In Fight Club1485 Words   |  6 PagesWith our lives being revolved around materialism, consumerism may cause the destruction of one’s perspective on their contribution to society. This notion was exemplified by Chuck Palahniuk’s book Fight Club, which was adapted into a film in 1999 directed by David Fincher. In the plot of this film, the narrator is a gray-collar worker named Jack who formed an underground organization with his alter-ego Tyler which evolved into Project Mayhem (counter-ideology), where they practiced minimalism andRead More Fight Club Analysis Essay examples2550 Words   |  11 Pages US society in the late twentieth century has condemned violence, war and primal definitions of masculinity. Chuck Palahniuk places the narrator of Fight Club on a, â€Å"Sunday afternoon at Remaining Men Together in the basement of Trinity Episcopal† (Palahniuk 18). The castrated men gathered together are symbols of societal perfection and masculinity. Therapeutic Fight Clubs start as places for men to work on their gender issues. These issues and support groups ultimately lead to organizations thatRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2324 Words   |  10 Pagesnarrative structure, character dynamics and style, it emphasises the development of the commodity culture in America and its devastating impact on individuals over time. Therefore the portrayal of the American dream is widely compared on Palahniuk’s part. Palahniuk’s deliberation in this instance is an invitation to immerse and divulge into the parallel worlds to uncover the ‘updated ’ Gatsby. Both novels engage and use a narrator to bring an unreliable storyline across; as a result of their relationRead MoreStrength is In the Eye of the Beholder1293 Words   |  6 Pages† as her son consoles. This is truly a strong female character, one who can think critically before taking a life, all the while ensuring she is prepared for the challenges ahead. She does not rely on super human ability or talent, but instead hard work and perseverance. She is truly heroic, for courage is defined as the â€Å"ability to do something that frightens one† and through each of the films she shows us the terror she is living in and her ability to overcome it. This fictitious strong femaleRead MoreThe Stigma Of Emotional Weakness Essay2035 Words   |  9 Pagessocially constructed gender roles illustrated in Chuck Palahniuk’s novel, strategically reveals fight club to be a form of self-harm, offering crucial resolution to the universal crisis of masculinity. The analysis of the perceived gender roles in the novel reveals the existence of a stigma attached to any display of mental or emotional weakness in men. This stigma is directly responsible for the phenomenon referred to as the crisis of masculinity. From an early age men are taught to repress their

Economic Effects Of The Great Depression - 1142 Words

Economic Fallout On October 29, 1929, Black Tuesday, the United States of America’s stock market crashed causing the Great Depression. The Great Depression of the 1930’s greatly impacted millions of people’s lives around the world. The Depression caused millions of people to lose their homes, jobs and food for their families. The events causing, during, and after the Great Depression will forever be an important part of American History that will never be forgotten. The events that leading up to and caused the Depression date all the way back to World War I. After a small economic downfall after the First World War, the economy began to boom in 1924 . The United States’ economy boomed until 1929 and was at an all-time high in 1928 due to the lowering of taxes . One of the many reasons that caused the Great Depression was an overproduction of goods. During World War, the consumption of goods was unbelievably high. When the war ended the United States did not slow down on production and eventually had too much product for the demand. With the numbers of products being sold, no one needed to buy anything because they had already stocked up on everything needed. A Second reason for the Great Depression was the lack of foreign trade around the world. In 1930, President Herbert Hoover passed the Smoot- Hawley Tariff Act . The Act increased Tariffs to such a high rate, that no countries would trade with the United States . â€Å"Internati onal trade has fallen by two-thirds sinceShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Global Economic Crisis On The Great Depression Of The 1930 S876 Words   |  4 PagesWhile the causes of the global economic crisis are still widely debated, a vast majority of economists agree that it was the worst global recession since the Great Depression of the 1930’s. Large factors that contributed to it are greed, risk assessments, fraud, the Federal Reserve in the United States lowering interest rates, rating agencies, credit default swaps, international currencies being depreciated to the United states dollar, and sub-prime mortgages. Banks in the United States were borrowingRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1930s Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Crisis of 2008 in Comparison to the Great Depression of the 1930s Introduction The economic crisis’ of the 1930s and 2000s greatly impacted the United Sates (U.S) and the world. The Great Depression and Global Crisis were both major economic crisis’s the originated in the United States and spread to foreign markets around the world. The Great Depression is regarded as the biggest economic downturn, due to many factors like the stock market crash. The Global Crisis on the other hand, was aRead MoreThe Cause and Effects of the Great Depression Essay1443 Words   |  6 Pages1929 was the main cause of The Great Depression. In fact, The Great Depression was caused by a series of factors, and the effects of the depression were felt for many years after the stock market crash of 1929. By looking at the stock market crash of 1929, bank failures, reduction of purchasing, American economic policy with Europe, and drought conditions, it becomes apparent that The Great Depression was caused by more than just the stock market crash. The effects were detrimen tal beyond the financialRead MoreThe Causes of Canadas Great Depression of 1929-1939 Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"It’s all gone.†# The term ‘Great Depression’ according to Kristin Brennan evokes black-and-white images of thin men in threadbare suits and worn-out shoes selling five-cent apples on city streets, of â€Å"grim-faced women lined up three deep to collect bread and milk at relief stations.†# The Great Depression of the 1930s was a devastating time toward many Canadians, where the collapse of the stock market was the beginning of the Depression, a period of severe economic and social hardship, massiveRead MoreThe Great Depression : Economic Growth And Prosperity1438 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican history, the Great Depression ranks second as the longest and most severe crisis ever experienced only dislodged from the first position by the Civil War. The Great Depression marked a period of economic downturn that resulted in severe d eclines in output, acute deflation, financial insecurity and severe unemployment rates. This was a sharp contrast from the early 1920’s when the country was experiencing a period of tremendous economic growth and prosperity. The Great Depression was brought aboutRead MoreThe Great Depression Affects The Americans1333 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression was one of the biggest events in the 1920s since it had huge effects both socially and economically.  Starting with the stock market crash, millions of investors were bankrupted and thousands of workers were unemployed. Over the next several years, not only did the consumer spending drop, the number of investment lowered as well. Until 1939, when the President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Relief and reform measures which finally help the economy to restart. ThroughRead MoreHow Did the Depression Affect France?945 Words   |  4 Pagesworst economic disaster that had ever been witnessed. The effect that the Great Depression had on capitalist countries such as Germany and the United States, was that their stocks and shares heavy economy plunged, leaving businesses unable to trade, and poverty throughout the nation. In the case of France, the depression initially did not suddenly bring the economy down drastically as it had to the more industrialised nations. Although relatively unscathed at first, by 1931 the ripple effect had hitRead MoreThe Effect of the Great Depression Worldwide765 Words   |  3 Pagesworld’s greatest economic disaster and left millions of citizens unemployed for years? The Great Depression was a major economic disaster which left the people of the world shocked. Many countries were already left in a bad position due to the effect of World War I. Countries that bought and sold on the international market were affected. The United Kingdom, France, and Germany were just a few of the affected countries that had a difficult time getting their country back to g reat economic shape. TheRead MoreThe Great Depression Of 19291473 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst economic collapse of its magnitude, the Great Depression of 1929, produced devastating effects with lasting longevity. Though born in America, it maintained its origin and spread rapidly throughout the industrial world. The election of President Franklin D. Roosevelt brought upon changes that improved America’s overall economic situation. A new leader’s viewpoint along with The New Deal and its reform programs, and a second World War improved the conditions brought about by the economic crisisRead MoreThe World s Economy Was Devastated1732 Words   |  7 Pages Assignment 4 GEOG200 Bradley Bache 3129292 Submitted September 10, 2015 In 1929, the western world’s economy was devastated. With the crash of the United States Wall Street, the realm drove into what is now known as the â€Å"Great Recession†. Its neighbour to the north, Canada also felt these affects as unemployment and poverty grew. After a decade of despair, the massive rise in government spending for the Second World War and the reductions in taxes, the economies returned to prosper

Reaction Paper to Pre-Spanish Colonization Free Essays

Reaction Paper to Pre-Spanish Colonization When I chose to enroll into the PHST 30 course, I really only had one intention for being in this class, and that is it is a CSU transferable class. All of my life I have considered myself to be a Filipino-American, although I was born and raised here in the United States. I never really knew much about Philippine history and I am actually glad that I am learning a little bit more in each class session. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper to Pre-Spanish Colonization or any similar topic only for you Order Now During Pre-Spanish colonization, I found some major concerns regarding my feelings towards some of the laws that were in effect in those days. For example with the poor people who were not allowed to have more than one child and if they did, their newborn baby would be thrown into the river. What gives the government the right to make a decisi on for a couple who want to have a bigger family? Back then people also could not be lazy; if they chose to be lazy, they were severely punished. If that were the case now, millions of people would be punished a day. Another example is that men drank back then to prove their masculinity to women. It was really amusing to me that a popular liquor back then was Lambanoag because I have drank that now, and it is no longer just for men to drink. Another aspect of Pre-Spanish colonization was that men were to work while the women stayed home and took care of all of the household duties. It is really unfair to women that they are obligated to stay home because what if they wanted to work, they just couldn’t. How to cite Reaction Paper to Pre-Spanish Colonization, Papers

International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan

Introduction Global literature on accounting supplies evidence of the economic implications of accounting quality such as costs of capital (Leuz Verrecchia 2000) as well as international capital mobility (Guenther Young 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Land and Lang, the quality of accounting systems has improved significantly throughout the world since the 1990’s (2002). This improvement can be attributed to globalization and expectations of international accounting synchronization. Most countries are discovering the benefits that come with standardized accounting and financial reporting systems. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) refers to a collection of accounting standards established by an autonomous, non-profit body called the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (International Monetary Fund 2001). Kazakhstan joins the list of the countries that recently adopted the IFRS (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). Though Kazakhstan has had much success with the adoption, there have been significant hurdles in the process. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the adoption of IFRS by Kazakhstan and plans for IPSAS (International Public Sector Accounting Standards) set to be introduced in 2013 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). To accomplish this goal, this essay is divided into several sections. The paper begins with a brief overview of the adoption of IFRS and the progress made so far in the adoption process. This is followed by an analysis of the adoption process of IFRS by Kazakhstan.Advertising Looking for essay on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This analysis is done by comparing the gains made so far, the obstacles encountered i n the adoption process as well as the prospects that may accrue due to the adoption. In the subsequent section, the paper analyzes the planned public sector accounting system reform in Kazakhstan. Overview of Adoption of IFRS IFRS are occasionally mistaken for their older versions IAS (International Accounting Standards). The worldwide implementation of IFRS is happening speedily to generate quality enhancement in accounting by establishing a standardized platform for financial reporting (Elliot Elliot 2011). This trend is due to the notion that the reporting system provides quality accounting and reporting system. However, the quality of accounting is largely dependent on a company’s general institutional background. These include the political and legal environment of the country where the company is located. Approximately one hundred and twenty countries sanction or compel the use of IFRS by public companies. Due to the upward trend witnessed in their application, a signi ficant increase in the number of countries that adopt IFRS is expected by 2015 (IASB 2011). Advocates of IFRS as an international standard for accounting argue that the price of executing IFRS can be countered with capacity for improved credit ratings offered by the international standards (Barth, Landsman Lang 2006). The body that oversees the formulation and adoption of IFRS is an autonomous accounting standard-setting organization that is centered in London and is known as IASB (IASB 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It started working in 2001 after succeeding the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). ISAB is mandated with formulating and updating IFRS to match current accounting expectations. Though the AICPA is an instituting member of the IASC, it is not connected to the IASB. The next issue to a ssess is the adoption of IFRS in various countries to establish the challenges they encounter as they attempt to integrate their national financial reporting systems with the relatively new IFRS. Looking at the challenges faced by major economies provides an indication of what to expect in developing economies. To guarantee the regularization of financial reporting, the accounting industries of individual countries implement GAAPs that oversee the presentation of financial information (Ding, Jeanjean Stolowy 2005). Consistent with IASB, the process of merging the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U. S. GAAP) and IFRS should have been completed by June 2011 (Elliot Elliot 2011). According to Miller and Becker, this convergence has been the collaborative efforts of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the IASB to upgrade IFRS and reduce the disparities between IFRS and U.S. GAAP (2010).Advertising Looking for essay on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They argue that standards of instruction on accounting and financial reporting have to be changed if this convergence is to be successful. If convergence faces these kinds of challenges in an established economy like the United States, who are among the countries that established IASB, how much more challenging can the adoption of IFRS be in a developing economy like Kazakhstan? This question is answered in the subsequent sections. The Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards by Kazakhstan IFRS were established in developed economies, but are gradually being adopted in developing economies possibly overlooking deliberations in the implications of adopting IFRS on economies like Kazakhstan. When a business functions within its national boundaries, the GAAP of that country is a suitable standard for financial reporting. However, owing to globalization of business, many multinational corporations experience difficulties in providing standardized information that correspo nds to the GAAP of one nation without breaching the GAAP of another (Ball 2001). To facilitate uniformity in financial reporting (in the international arena), IASB endorses the implementation of IFAS. Kazakhstan, a former constituent of the Soviet Union, has a fast-growing economy with a projected annual growth rate 7% in 2010 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). It has a robust service and manufacturing industry. Agriculture only supplies 5.4% of its per capita GDP, which is $12,800 US (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). According to Tyrrall, Woodward Rakhimbekova, Kazakhstan’s economic environment is very ideal for the adoption of IFRS, but the adoption process is expected to gain relevance gradually (2007). In accordance with the laws of Kazakhstan on financial reporting, the use of IFRS was to commence in financial institutions by 2003 while government institutions were to adopt these standards from 2013 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2007). Obstacles in Adoption of IFRS This unitary set of standards contained in IFRS resolves many difficulties in financial reporting while creating other challenges. In a developing country like Kazakhstan, the adoption of these standards faces many challenges. According to the IMF, translation of IFRS principles from English to Kazakh and Russian present the greatest challenge to the adoption of IFRS in Kazakhstan (2004). IMF reports that there is no officially approved translation from English to Kazakh. In addition, though IFRS has been translated to Kazakh from English, new changes in IFRS are yet to be introduced in the translations. A USAID consultant with experience working in developing countries, Robert McGee, outlines the examples of challenges presented by the adoption of IFRS in developing countries (2006). McGee believes that since most developing countries possess a top-down approach in decision making, most governments in these countries a re likely to adopt these standards, but this does not mean the standards are going to be implemented. In this top-down approach to decision making, the government officials and business executives who ratify these reforms may have little or no knowledge of the implications of their application. McGee also considers the problem caused by difficulty in interpretation of IFRS into local languages (2006). Though there are numerous translators who can interpret English documents into local languages like Kazakh, there is a shortage of such translators with an in-depth understanding of Western accounting. Another major obstacle for IFRS involves the cost of execution. The accounting sector in every nation that embraces the standards has to cater for the cost of re-education and instruction on their principles (Miller Becker 2010). Companies are also required to dedicate time and funds to the re-education of staff. If universally applied and if companies are forced to abide by the require ments of IFRS, the adoption can present a burden of high cost to companies that only operate within national borders and who have no interest in international harmonization. The cost to these companies in adjusting to IFRS overshadows any gains they might expect. Prospects that may Accrue in the Adoption of IFRS by Kazakhstan An increasing number of firms in Kazakhstan are embracing International Financial Reporting Standards. IFRS enables improved comparability and openness of financial reporting (Barth, Landsman Lang 2006). This comparability is important in guaranteeing the release of standardized financial information, which is compulsory for lessening information asymmetry and resolving agency predicaments in the commercial sector. Firms that apply uniform standards in the preparation of their financial statements are easily comparable. Standardization is particularly essential in the comparison of the performance of companies situated in different countries. This increase in comparability aids international investors in the decision-making process regarding where to put their money. Comparably, accounting diversity is an obstacle to international investment (Bradshaw, Bushe Miller 2004). Therefore eliminating cross-border diversities in accounting standards helps in accelerating international amalgamation of capital markets (Covrig, Defond Hung 2007). Bushman and Piotroski demonstrate that companies in nations with well-timed financial-statement detection of losses are not as prone to undertaking negative Net Present Value investments as those without these standards (2006). The improved transparency and loss detection timeliness guaranteed by IFRS can increase profitability by reducing agency costs. No agency is required since transparency ensures that company executives operate in the best interest of company shareholders. Public Sector Accounting System in Kazakhstan Public sector accounting is a technique of accounting used largely by non-profit b odies in the public sector whose profit margins are too low to allow for performance evaluation. There is a significant contrast between accounting in the private sector and public sector accounting. The core causes of this variance are in the setting of the accounting system. In the governmental setting, public sector bodies have diverse goals in contrast to their private counterparts whose main drive is profitability. Moreover, in public sector accounting, the government body has the obligation of financial answerability for the use of public funds in the budgetary environment. One strangeness of accounting in the public sector lies in the authority of the government in acquiring resources for the bodies (Jorge 2008). In ideal economics, all economic bodies are presumed to perform reasonably and on an even position on the market to increase profitability. However, the reality in the public sector is that a hierarchical arrangement occurs between the government and other government al bodies during the circulation of resources. The governments are tasked with the responsibility of collecting taxes and issuing currency. This permits the aggressive obtaining of resources by a government and reluctant surrender of resources by other bodies. The central governments have the power to issue money and oversee taxation and do not have any external supervision on their procurement of economic resources. Goods and services manufactured and delivered by economic bodies in the public sector are not exposed to the normal market procedure where prices are governed by supply and demand (Coombs Jenkins 2002). Therefore, there is a need for the enforcement of a standardized public system that ensures accountability of governments in the use of public resources. Accounting theory asserts that the fundamental rationale for financial reporting is to lessen information unevenness between company executives and parties contracting with their firms (Ball 2001). Financial reporting moderates information unevenness by releasing appropriate information in a timely manner (Frankel Li 2004). International accounting systems present an appealing platform for the examination of the economic outcomes of financial reporting. This is specifically important, considering the differences that exist in the quality of accounting across different countries. The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) concentrates on accounting, financial reporting, assessment requirements of government administrations and their agencies. IPSAB meets these requirements using a standard system for guidance, carrying out training, conducting research, and promoting a platform for sharing of information amongst professional accountants (Benston et al. 2006). These standards apply universally and offer uniformity for all nations irrespective of their economic status. Intended for use in formulating multi-purpose financial statements, the International Public Sector Accoun ting Standards establish the criteria for recognizing, measuring and disclosing transactions by governments, and tax remittance records. The objective of IPSAB is to establish universally applicable accounting standards for governments. This enables governments and public sector organizations to compare information and raise the level of transparency. In Kazakhstan, for example, application of these standards can aid in eliminating the fear of corruption that constantly plagues the country’s economy. This can improve investor confidence and in turn, improve the overall economy. The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan is expected to prepare and present public sector financial statements that conform to the accrual basis of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) by the end of 2013 (International Monetary Fund 2004). Existing financial reporting procedures used in Kazakhstan are founded on several decrees delivered by the government. The proposal currently being contemplated is how to transition from this system of public financial reporting to IPSAS. The transition is instigated by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan with contributions from the National Bank (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). The process of adoption of IFRS in Kazakhstan began with its selection from various models that served as foundations of financial accounting (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2007). The next stage in the introduction of internationally conforming accounting standards by the Kazakhstan government is the planned introduction of IPSAS, which is aimed at improving reliability and openness in financial reporting. The leadership of the government of Kazakhstan outlines the responsibility of the government in creating an open and consistent model for the management of state assets (Nazarbev 2008). The main targets of public sector accounting reform are formation of inclusive information on the functions and the condition of the public sector and ensuring open and uniform financial reporting. It also focuses on objective contemplation on information on assets, outcomes, and liabilities of public sector financial activity. The current public accounting system in Kazakhstan is founded on a cash model that does not allow for scrutiny of budget policy. This is ineffective since it does not provide room for measuring the impact of budget policy on the Kazakhstan economy. In the world today, there is increasing demand for transparency of public institutions and accountability of public officials (Covrig, Defond Hung 2007). This demand has seen national and international focus shift from management of costs to the management of results. In response, the Kazakhstan government has set up a three-year plan for the implementation of public accounting and financial reform. The chief benefit of accounting on the cash basis is that it can depict the flows of revenue expenses as well a s the capital flows for infrastructure creation (Jorge 2008). Cash-based accounting, therefore, presents a good system that favors decision making. The government is expected to complete the implementation of financial reporting systems in line with the standards stipulated by IPSAS by 2013 (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). These reforms are necessary since the cash-based budgetary accounting has several weaknesses. According to the Ministry of Finance, the current public accounting system is not founded on firm principles that can withstand the test of time (2010). The system used does not conform to international standards since not all public assets are incorporated in the financial statements. The cash method of accounting does not have provisions for distinct costs of operations of the government or lasting and dependent liabilities (International Monetary Fund 2001). A budget using this method can only be presented in three parts containing revenue, exp enditure and source of funds. It merely records cash flows in terms of inflows and outflows without balancing assets and liabilities. Given this state of affairs, it is essential to operate liabilities and assets accurately on a stock basis. In a country like Kazakhstan, the stock basis guarantees improved balance in sharing economic burdens by different generations. This is one reason why accounting and reporting of public assets and liabilities on an accrual basis is important. The desire of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to transition from cash accounting to accrual accounting can be explained by several reasons. One of the reasons is the need to have balanced accounts when requesting for international funding. Taxes are a principal source of funding for the government and ought to be acknowledged and evaluated as growth in taxpayers’ equity (Jorge 2008). When the government requires a loan from the international community, it is requested to produce a connec tion of its assets and liabilities. The planned transition by the Kazakhstan government to transition to IPSAS is expected to be overseen by professionals in the accounting sector (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010). Incorporating the services of professionals in such an intricate process helps in laying strong foundations that can stand the test of time. For this purpose, the professionals need to have sufficient knowledge that corresponds to current international standards on IFRS and IPSAS. Conclusion Recent trends show that there is a steady spread of the application of IFRS throughout the world. Consequently, a time might come when there will be a global transition by all countries from their respective national systems of accounting to international systems. Irrespective of the international standard these countries choose to adopt, and this transition seems eminent. However, for any country, the process of transition from the national system is not smooth . It is even more difficult for developing countries such as Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan, the adoption of IFRS depicts some of the difficulties that exist especially in translation and interpretation of the terminologies therein into local languages. The shortage of professionals and instructors is also depicted as a drawback in the adoption process. The adoption of IFRS in Kazakhstan is even more problematic when the standards are to be applied by all companies (big or small). Some companies, especially those that operate within the national borders of Kazakhstan may not benefit from the uniformity and comparability offered by IFRS. The cost of transition to these new standards may be too high for small companies, and this might decelerate the overall economic growth of Kazakhstan’s economy. However, it is not all gloom concerning the adoption of IFRS standards in developing countries like Kazakhstan. Some of the benefits of comparability and transparency can encourage cross-b order investment. This can certainly be a big boost to the Kazakhstani economy. Application of international standards puts these companies on the international economic radar and makes it easy for investors to follow their progress and choose where to invest. The foundations laid by the Ministry of Finance for the transition to IPSAS based standards seem robust. The deadline set by the government for the adoption of IFRS by all institutions in Kazakhstan is gradually approaching. The concern that most economists and accountants have is whether the government will contemplate on the problems witnessed so far in the implementation process by the private sector so that the application of these standards in the public sector will be easier and less costly. References Ball, R 2001, ‘Infrastructure requirements for an economically efficient system of public financial reporting and disclosure,’ Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services, vol. 2001 no. 1, pp. 127-169. Bart h, M, Landsman, W, Lang, M 2006, International accounting standards and accounting quality, Working Paper, Stanford University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Benston, G, Bromwich, M, Litan, E, Wagenhofer, A 2006, Worldwide financial reporting: the development and future of accounting standards, New York, Oxford University Press. Bradshaw, M, Bushee, B, Miller, G 2004, Accounting choice, home bias, and U.S. investment in non-U.S. firms. Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 42. no.5, pp. 795–841. Bushman, R., and J. Piotroski, 2006, ‘Financial reporting incentives for conservative accounting: the influence of legal and political institutions,’ Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 42. no. 1, pp. 107-148. Coombs, H, Jenkins, D 2002, Public sector financial management, London, Cengage Learning. Covrig, V, Defond, M, Hung, M 2007, ‘Home bias, foreign mutual fund holdings, and the voluntary adoption of international accounting standards ,’ Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 45. no.1, pp. 41–70. Ding, Y, Jeanjean, T, Stolowy, H 2005, ‘Why do national GAAP differ from IAS? The role of culture,’ The International Journal of Accounting, vol. 40. no. 4, pp. 325-350. Elliot, B, Elliot, J 2011, Financial accounting and reporting, Harlow, Pearson education. Frankel, R, Li, X 2004, ‘Characteristics of a firm’s information environment and the information asymmetry between insiders and outsiders,’ Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 37 no. 2, pp. 229-59. Guenther, D, Young, D 2002, ‘The association between financial accounting measures and real economic activity: a multinational study,’ Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 29. no.1, pp. 53-72. IASB 2011, Convergence between IFRSs and US GAAP. Web. International Monetary Fund 2001, Government finance statistics manual, Washington, International Monetary Fund. International Monetary Fund 2004, Republic of Kazakhstan–financial sector assessment program update–detailed assessments and updates of financial sector standards and codes, Washington, International Monetary Fund. Jorge, S 2008, Implementing reforms in public sector accounting, Coimbra, Imprensa da Univ. de Coimbra. Land, J, Lang, M 2002, ‘Empirical evidence on the evolution of international earnings,’ Accounting Review, vol. 77. no. 4, pp. 115-153. Leuz, C, Verrecchia, R 2000, ‘The economic consequences of increased disclosure,’ Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 38 no. 3, pp. 91-124. McGee, R 2006, ‘Adopting and implementing international financial reporting standards in transition economies,’ in G Gregirou M Gaber (eds), International accounting: standards, regulations, and financial reporting, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 201-223. Miller, W, Becker, A 2010, ‘Why are accounting professors hesitant to implement IFRS?’ The CPA Journal, vol. 80. no.8, pp. 63- 67. Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2007, Law on accounting and financial reporting. Web. Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2010, Official Report. Web. Nazarbev, N, A 2008, Address by the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the people of Kazakhstan: growth of welfare of Kazakhstan’s citizens is the primary goal of state policy. Web. References Tyrrall, D, Woodward, D, Rakhimbekova, A 2007, ‘The relevance of international financial reporting standards to a developing country: evidence from Kazakhstan,’ The International Journal of Accounting, vol. 42. no. 1, pp. 82-110. This essay on International Financial Reporting Standards in Kazakhstan was written and submitted by user Ahmad Mann to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Conjugate Nourrir (to Feed) in French

How to Conjugate Nourrir (to Feed) in French If you can remember that it also means to nourish, you can  associate the French verb  nourrir  with to feed. Its also important to remember that its different from  manger, which means to eat.  The primary difference is that  nourrir  is typically used when feeding someone else, not necessarily eating food yourself. Along with memorizing the word nourrir, youll also need to know its conjugations. This lesson will introduce you to the most basic of those so you can say things like I fed and we are feeding. The Basic Conjugations of  Nourrir Proper French grammar requires verb conjugations so the verb may be used to form complete sentences. The most common conjugates are in the indicative mood, which let you express  nourrir  in the present, future, or imperfect past tense. Nourrir  is a  regular -ir verb. This means it follows a relatively common conjugation pattern found in French. If youve studied verbs like  reunir  (to reunite)  or  punir  (to punish), you can apply the same endings you learned for those to this verb. In any conjugation, its important to identify the verb stem (or radical) before anything else. For  nourrir, that is  nourr-. From there, youll add a new ending for every subject pronoun within each tense. The chart will help you learn which ending is required. For instance,  I am feeding is  je nourris  and we will feed is  nous nourrirons. Present Future Imperfect je nourris nourrirai nourrissais tu nourris nourriras nourrissais il nourrit nourrira nourrissait nous nourrissons nourrirons nourrissions vous nourrissez nourrirez nourrissiez ils nourrissent nourriront nourrissaient The Present Participle of  Nourrir As with all regular -ir verbs, the present participle of nourrir is formed with an -issant ending. This produces the word nourrissant. Nourrir  in the Compound Past Tense The compound past tense in French is the  passà © composà ©. It requires the  past participle  nourri  along with an auxiliary verb, in this case,  avoir. Begin by conjugating  avoir  into the present tense to match the subject, then attach  nourri. This results in compounds such as  jai nourri  (I fed) and  nous avons nourri  (we fed). More Simple Conjugations of  Nourrir While you can learn more complex conjugations, a few more simple forms of  nourrir  will round out this introductory lesson. Theyre useful in a few different circumstances and can really help out your French vocabulary. The subjunctive  is a verb mood that implies uncertainty to the act of feeding.  The conditional  says that the action will only happen under certain conditions. Though you may only find the literary tenses of  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  in written French, they are still good to know. Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je nourrisse nourrirais nourris nourrisse tu nourrisses nourrirais nourris nourrisses il nourrisse nourrirait nourrit nourrà ®t nous nourrissions nourririons nourrà ®mes nourrissions vous nourrissiez nourririez nourrà ®tes nourrissiez ils nourrissent nourriraient nourrirent nourrissent The  imperative  is the one time in French verbs when its okay to skip the subject pronoun. When using it, feel free to simplify  tu nourris  to  nourris. Imperative (tu) nourris (nous) nourrissons (vous) nourrissez

How to Make a DNA Model Using Candy

How to Make a DNA Model Using Candy Making DNA models can be informative, fun, and in this case tasty. Here you will learn how to construct a DNA model using candy. But first, what is DNA? DNA, like RNA, is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for the reproduction of life.  DNA is coiled into chromosomes and tightly packed in the nucleus of our cells. Its shape is that of a double helix and its appearance is somewhat of a twisted ladder or spiral staircase. DNA is composed of nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine), a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate molecule. The deoxyribose and phosphate molecules form the sides of the ladder, while the nitrogenous bases form the steps. What You Need: You can make this candy DNA model with just a few simple ingredients. Red and black licorice sticksColored marshmallows or gummy bearsToothpicksNeedleStringScissors Heres How: Gather together red and black licorice sticks, colored marshmallows or gummy bears, toothpicks, needle, string, and scissors.Assign names to the colored marshmallows or gummie bears to represent nucleotide bases. There should be four different colors each representing either adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine.Assign names to the colored licorice pieces with one color representing the pentose sugar molecule and the other representing the phosphate molecule.Use the scissors to cut the licorice into 1 inch pieces.Using the needle, string half of the licorice pieces together lengthwise alternating between the black and red pieces.Repeat the procedure for the remaining licorice pieces to create a total of two stands of equal length.Connect two different colored marshmallows or gummy bears together using the toothpicks.Connect the toothpicks with the candy to either the red licorice segments only or the black licorice segments only, so that the candy pieces are between the two strands.H olding the ends of the licorice sticks, twist the structure slightly. Tips: When connecting the base pairs be sure to connect the ones that pair naturally in DNA. For example, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine.When connecting the candy base pairs to the licorice, the base pairs should be connected to the licorice pieces that represent the pentose sugar molecules. More Fun With DNA The great thing about making DNA models is that you can use almost any type of material. This includes candy, paper, and even jewelry. You might also be interested in learning how to extract DNA from organic sources. In How to Extract DNA From a Banana, you will discover the four basic steps of DNA extraction. DNA Processes DNA replication - DNA unwinds in order that copies can be made for mitosis and meiosis. DNA transcription - DNA is transcribed into an RNA message for protein synthesis. DNA translation - The transcribed RNA message is translated to produce proteins. DNA Mutations - Changes in DNA sequences are known as mutations. Mutations can impact specific genes or entire chromosomes.

Critical Thinking Questions - Week 4 (675) Assignment

Critical Thinking Questions - Week 4 (675) - Assignment Example Alterations in the material that a particular student learns may differ with that of another learner in a different content area. Every learner is unique. They vary in numerous ways such as physical traits, cognitive aptitudes, experiences, social settings, backgrounds and personalities. Teaching experience and contemporary research postulates that every brain has a distinct state and experiences impact from previous experiences. With such knowledge, success-oriented teachers understand that students cannot go through the same education plan. Research and experience ensues to present insights regarding the human brain. Every learner is unique and has exclusive opportunities. It is, thus, reasonable that every learner learns differently and has different preferences, wants, interests and likes. This addresses the need for differentiated instruction in learning institutions (Tomlinson, 2001). It is pertinent to consider a learner’s background when examining and designing a lesso n framework. The cultural orientation of learners differ with the nature of learning that the culture values and the way the culture understands the learning concept. When structuring the lesson, it is paramount to determine how different students’ backgrounds may implicate on dynamics and learning in the classroom. It is also important for instructors to overlook the possible assessment when designing a lesson structure (Gregory & Chapman, 2013). Determining the method of assessment is essential to knowing the method that would elicit positive feedback in terms of excellence in the classroom. Determining the learner’s background in lesson framework design ensures that the instructor designs a framework that that benefits all students at every level. The best lesson framework is that which aids in the collection of accurate data regarding every student in the classroom, which meets the learning needs of all the learners. The teacher should concentrate on areas where th eir students are not performing as anticipated. Instructors should further emphasize on driving positive improvement in such weak areas to meet the learning needs of each and every learner in the classroom (Gregory, 2008). Through differentiated instruction, the student can perform exemplarily because with the assessment intelligence, the instructor is able to monitor their performance and assess their achievement. Instructors can differentiate product, content and process for learners. Content differentiation refers to an alteration in the material that the student learns. For instance, if the classroom goal is for students to draft persuasive essays, some are learning how to write topic sentences and support sentences, while the others learn how to utilize outside sources and defend their views. Process differentiation inculcates the differentiation of how the learner accesses the learning material. One learner in the classroom may explore a learning centre as the other gathers in formation from the internet. Product differentiation concerns the modification of how the learner depicts what they have learned (Tomlinson, 2001). For instance, in demonstrating a comprehension of a narrative\s plot, one learner may compile a play when the other drafts an account of an event. Teachers should choose differentiation approaches rooted in the proper prospectus and learners’

Ulcerative colitis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ulcerative colitis - Essay Example Fever, pain in the joints, weight loss, and GI bleeding may also accompany nausea and vomiting (Board, ADAM & National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2012) Though the exact cause is unknown there are many research studies that have been able to suggest with scientific validation the possibility of many factors, causes and contributions to the disease. One research study conducted in 2006 suggested that there was a significant genetic contribution that factored in those more susceptible to those with an inflammatory bowel disease (Satsangi,2006) Studies at the molecular level have identified and determined genetic susceptibility to ulcerative colitis. Of course this discovery is able to provide new insight into the pathogenicity of the disease and disease process. Risk factors usually include those in poor health and it is a higher risk between the ages of 15-30 and then resurfaces between the ages of 50-70. Family history and Jewish ancestry are also implicated though family history may be linked to genetics and studies in these areas are able to provide stronger links between this family history and the prevalence of the disease. Breastfeeding, appendectomy, and smoking are also associated risks (Head, and Jurenka, 2003). Normal system functions appear to be prohibited by ‘increases in certain inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress signs, deranged colonic milieu, decreased oxidation of short chain fatty acids, increased intestinal permeability, an increase in the production of sulfides, and decreased methylation,’ (Head, and Jurenka, 2003). Certain cytokines along with anti-oxidant levels as well as the presence of bacteria interfere with normal system functions. These systematic functional abnormalities each contribute to symptoms of ulcerative colitis. For example increased oxidative stress is manifested in the intestinal mucosa of patients. Bowel lesions are much more evident when the bacteria

Governments On Preventing Air Pollution In Colombo Environmental Sciences Essay

Governments On Preventing Air Pollution In Colombo Environmental Sciences Essay Air pollution is the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odour, smoke, or vapour in quantities and of characteristics and duration such as to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life or to property, or to interfere unreasonably with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property. 1. Air is the very basic need of every living organism. Air is essential to life on earth. All organisms require moderately pure air, and they cannot survive without it. Air is considered safe when it contains no harmful dust and gases. Air pollution effects global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain and various respiratory illnesses. 2. The air pollution has worsened in most large cities in the developing world. In Sri Lanka, Colombo city is facing this problem due to the highly increased vehicle emission and few other environmental issues. The high density of population and industrialization is the other most important environmental issues that have drawn the attention of policymakers, administrators, and environmentalists in the recent past. Most countries in the world are trying to give a solution to air pollution in their countries by revising their policies, rules and regulations. However Sri Lanka is still not taken firm action to revise the environmental policies, rules and regulations to prevent air Pollution. 3. Colombo is the main commercial and business hub of Sri Lanka and as a result, many people are arrived into the city daily. The central district, which comprises of Fort and Pettah, provides more than 100,000 jobs and is estimated to have a daytime population of more than 650,000. The greater Colombo area contains more than 4 million people or 26% of the countrys population, but covers only 5.6% of the entire land area. Outside the city, Katunayake Bandaranaike International Airport and the Free Trade Zone further increase traffic congestion in Colombo. As the most important commercial and administrative center, Colombo attracts the maximum number of vehicles and individuals. Therefore it is highly vulnerable to health hazards due to vehicle emissions. 4. Clean, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen by volume and 20.94% oxygen. The remaining 0.97% is composed of a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide, helium, argon, krypton, nitrous oxide and xenon, as well as very small amounts of some other organic and inorganic gases whose amount in the atmosphere vary with time and place. Various amounts of contaminants continuously enter the atmosphere through both natural and man-made processes that exist upon the earth. Man as a pollutant has labelled that portion of these substances which interacts with the environment to cause toxicity, disease, aesthetic distress, physiological effects or environmental decay. 5. The human activities are the primary cause of pollution and as the population increases, the attendant pollution problems also raise proportionately. The first significant change in humans effect of nature came with his discovery of fire. Prehistoric human built a fire in his cave for cooking, heating and to supply light. The problem of air pollution came into existence at this time. OBJECTIVES 5. General Objective. To analyze the responsibility of the Government and its authorities towards the reducing of air pollution in Colombo City and give recommendations to prevent Air pollution in Colombo City. 6. Specific Objectives. The specific objectives of the research are as follows. a. To examine the various Air pollutants. b. To examine the impact of the air pollution. c. To examine the actions taken by the Government and its authorities to prevent Air Pollution in Colombo City. d. To analyze and suggest the recommendations for implementations based on the findings of the study. CHAPTER 02 METHODOLOGY STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 1. The air pollution in main cities in developing countries is one of the leading critical environment problems. The health impact of the air pollution looks likely to be greater in the capital of Sri Lanka. Therefore the responsibility of the government and its authorities is to protect air and minimize the air pollution in the country. 2. However, the actions taken on air protection in Colombo are inadequate and not suit the present day context. Therefore, this paper will identify the effects of air pollution in Colombo and analyze the impact of air pollution in Colombo City. Further this paper will analyse the effectiveness of existing legal remedies in preventing air pollution. HYPOTHESIS 3. Actions taken by the Government and its authorities to prevent air pollution in Colombo City are inadequate. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4. This study will explore the air pollution in Colombo city and the responsibility of the Government and its authorities and how air pollution can undermine the goals of development. 5. Furthermore, policies that are necessary on economic basis can deliver significant environmental benefits. However, these policies are not enough to ensure urban air protection. Therefore the strong public organizations and policies for urban air protection are very essential. The policies adapted by the Sri Lankan government over the past two decades to rely more on development. However, natural air protection is an area which government must uphold a central role. 6. Examine the effects of air pollution in Colombo and validity and practicability of the existing environmental policies and regulations in Sri Lanka. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 7. The primary study shows that the Colombo city would be the area where the air pollution can be seen predominantly. The both primary and secondary data will collect regarding the subject of air pollution in Colombo City from the available resources like publications, books and internet web sites. 8. The main decisive factor is to look at this problem in government and citizens perspectives. Thus, the views of government authorities and citizens will seek to get their expectations of the desired strategies and policies. Scholars on the subject and professionals on this subject will be interviewed through discussions. A predetermined questionnaire will be distributed among the selected citizens in Colombo city to absorb their views. LIMITATIONS 9. This research study was done within three months of period and with limited time. Hence it was difficult to cover all the pollution proven areas in Colombo area. Therefore the calculation might be showed slight difference if compare with another research. It also faced the difficulty of getting genuine answers from the community. CHAPTER 03 AIR POLLUTION ATMOSPHERE 1. The atmosphere surrounds the earth. It is composed of gas molecules held close to the earths surface by gravitation. It consists of Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (20%), Carbon dioxide (0.03%) and small amounts of inert gases such as argon, neon, and krypton. It also consist changing amounts of water. Dust participles called as particulates are also consist with varying amounts. 2. The earths current atmosphere consists of several layers as Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. The average composition of the atmosphere varies little from place to place, except for its moisture contents. The variation of moisture condition is a very important natural condition affecting plant growth. Air temperature is another important environmental condition that profoundly affects both plant and animal life. Air is in constant motion and its movement is creates wind. 3. Some of the atmospheric gases have the capacity to absorb heat. These are called Green House Gasses. Carbon Dioxide, Water vapour and Ozone are three of the naturally make green house gasses in the atmosphere. Green house gasses are liable for maintaining the level of temperature of the earth. If the quantity of these gasses increases in the atmosphere then additional heat will be trapped and the earths atmosphere will get warmer. These gasses have been increasing in the atmosphere in recent years in the earth. 4. In the normal condition the atmosphere contains a layer of ozone in the atmosphere. This layer traps a part of Ultra violet rays and X-Rays, reducing the amount of these deleterious rays reach to the earth. However, the introduction of Chlorofluoro carbon (CFC) in to the atmosphere has been shown to damage the ozone layer. CFC is chemical that have been used for many years in aerosol, air conditioning and in refrigeration. AIR POLLUTION 5. Air Pollution is the presence in the atmosphere of one or more foreign materials such as dust, fumes, gases, mist or smoke in quantities and in durations which are harmful to human, plant or animal life or to properties. A gas like CO2 which is a normal element of the atmosphere can in certain conditions, become a pollutant, when its concentrations increase to levels that threaten the well-being of living things or disrupt physical or biological processes. 6. Air pollution is as old as civilization itself. The first air pollution incident took place, when early humans made fire in poorly ventilated or set fire to a dry forest. But it was the growth of industries after the industrial revolution that became the largest engine of air pollution first in Britain, Europe, North America and then spread to the other places of the World. 7. Damage to the clean air has three possible costs to present and future human welfare. The Health of Human may be harmed. Also the economic productivity may be reduced. In addition, the pleasure or satisfaction obtained from an unspoiled natural air may be lost. Since spoiled urban air problem vary across countries and with the stage of industrialization, each country required to assess its own priorities carefully. Emissions from transport industry and population growth impose serious costs for health condition and productivity in Sri Lanka. AIR POLLUTANTS TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS 8. Basically air pollution can be classified as primary and secondary types. Primary pollutants get into atmosphere directly by various processes. Major part of this is added to the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels in transport vehicles and by industries. Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur oxide and Hydrocarbons are some examples for primary air pollutants. Secondary air pollutants are those formed in the air through various chemical reactions. Some of the primary pollutants undergo chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere and produce secondary pollutants. For an example Sulphur oxides will react with atmospheric water vapour and produce acids. This way acid rain is produced and it leads to disruption of various eco-systems. Another example is the smog produced by the action of sunlight on automobile exhaust emitted in to the atmosphere. 9. Air pollutants can be either in the form of gases or in the form of particles. Some of the common pollutants are Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, methane and ozone. Particulate pollutants include dust, fume, mist, smoke and sprays. 10. Dust particles get in to the air when materials are being handled or processed. Dust from cement, coal, and bricks and saw dust from wood working are few examples of such particulate pollutants. Fumes and mist are not many solid particles, formed in the atmosphere due to condensation of vapours by sublimation or chemical reaction processes. Smoke particle are formed as a result of incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials. Liquid particles referred to as spray are formed by the atomization of a parent liquid. SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS 11. Some pollutants are formed and emitted by natural processes. Pollen grains from flowers, smoke particles from forest fires, volcanic eruptions and wind blown dust are examples of particulates of natural origin. There are also naturally occurring gasses such as nitrogen oxide and methane. 12. Man made sources of pollutants can be considered under stationary combustion processes transportation, industrial and the agricultural processes. 13. When fuel such as oil or coal used in power plants, gasses and particulate pollutants are emitted in to air. These pollutants consist of a mixture of particles such as fly ash and smoke and gasses such as the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are also produced in combustion process. 14. In transportation, particularly from vehicles, the pollutants are emitted in to the air. These pollutants comprise particulates such as smoke, lead and gasses like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons. These pollutants are high in concentration around traffic light junctions in the cities such as Colombo. 15. In industrial processes, depending on the type of energy used, a wide range of pollutants are emitted. If the industry burns oil as its energy source, smoke, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides will be emitted to the air. 16. In Sri Lanka a large percentage of the energy consumed comes from fuel wood. Burning of fuel wood, used for industrial purposes or domestic use, also produces pollutants. Some agricultural activities such as crop dusting add particulate pollutants to the atmosphere. Further, the burning of forests for chena cultivation can be grouped in to this category. 17. Vehicle Emission: Increased vehicle emission in Sri Lanka mainly Colombo is the most significant environmental issue that has drawn the concentration of policymakers, administrators, and environmentalists in the recent past. Various studies undertaken by regulatory agencies and researchers clearly indicate that inefficient combustion of petroleum in motor vehicles is the primary cause of growing air pollution in Colombo city. Lack of information on economic and environmental costs of vehicle emission and its improvement and prevention have inhibited public response and enforcement, and impeded the implementation of existing laws, and the development of further regulations. The worst prevalent air pollutants emitted from vehicles comprise particulate matter (PM), lead (Pb), non-methane volatile organic components (NMVOC), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Of these, particulate matter and lead are the most detrimental components of vehicle exhaus t that affect the environment and human beings. 18. Apart from pollutants emitted by petrol-driven vehicles, the amount of exhaust from diesel-driven vehicles is large and therefore a matter of major public concern due to its undesirable environmental effects. However diesel-engine exhaust contains less toxic gases, it has a much higher particulate matter consideration than petrol-engine exhaust. In Sri Lanka, the observed levels of TSP, SO2, O3, and lead are significantly higher than air quality standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) in Sri Lanka. This clearly reveals the special nature of the vehicle emission problem in the country which is directly linked with a wide range of factors such as composition and increase in number of vehicles, price structure of fuel, lack of traffic management, use of low-quality fuel, and lack of alternative fuels. 20. Combustion Engine Exhaust: Cars, busses, trucks, jet airplanes and other combustion engine vehicles cause air pollution. The exhaust from these contains carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and gaseous oxide. This type of air pollution creates smog which causes respiratory health problems and holes in the ozone layer, which increases the exposure to the harmful rays of the sun. 25. Mills and plants: Mills and plants, such as paper mills, power plants, chemical plants, iron mills, steel mills, cement plants and asphalt plants, release emissions into the atmosphere causing air pollution 21. Factories: Factories, homes and power stations burn fossil fuels, which cause air pollution. The burning of oil and coal also contributes to smog. This air pollution destroys plants, damages buildings and creates oxidation on iron. 22. Petroleum: Petroleum refineries such as Sapugaskanda release hydrocarbons and various particulates that pollute the atmosphere. 23. Pesticides: Pesticides used to destroy indoor and outdoor pests, insecticides used to destroy insects and herbicides use to kill weeds all cause air pollution. 26. Indoor Air Pollution: This happens when there is insufficient ventilation to disburse the toxic fumes from new carpet, paint and/or cleaning chemicals that are used indoors. CHAPTER 04 IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION 1. Several studies conducted in Sri Lankan cities show that air pollution leads to reduced health and quality of life, damage to property, and economic losses. PM10-related health damage in the City of Colombo is about Rs. 26.0 billion per annum; and in the case of PM2.5 it is about Rs. 774 million per annum. This is according to a study by Chandrasiri,S. et. al. (2004) which quantified the health effects of PM2.5 from auto-diesel emissions. Based on the above estimates, the researchers calculated the cost per ton of auto diesel emissions in Colombo. These estimates of the health damage values for PM10 in Colombo come quite close to previous estimates in these studies: 2. Another study on the Exposure to Aerosol Pollution and Reported Respiratory Symptoms Among City Dwellers by Perera, G.B.S., Emmanuel, R., Premasiri, H.D.S., (2006) shows that urban dwellers report higher prevalence of respiratory illnesses since they spend more on the roadsides, have higher exposure and also have all the common respiratory symptoms. Comparison of most common causes of mortality and morbidity data shows that although non-air pollution-related causes remain the primary cause for mortality, air pollution is a significant contributor to morbidity. 3. The average property damage due to urban air pollution in Colombo is estimated at Rs. 12677 (US$ 126) per household per year. The average willingness to pay to avoid property damage from urban air pollution is at Rs. 520 (US$ 5.20) per household per year. If an Air Quality Improvement Fund were to be established, the public would be willing to pay Rs.15460 (US$ 154) per household per year. THE HEALTH IMPACT OF THE AIR POLLUTION 4. Air pollution is increasingly recognized as a threat to the health of people in mainly developing countries. The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die every year from causes directly attributable to air pollution. A study by the University of Birmingham has found a strong co-relation between pneumonia related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicles. More Worldwide deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to road traffic accidents. The causes of air pollution related deaths include aggravated asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, lung diseases and respiratory problems. 5. The health effects caused by air pollutants may range from subtle biochemical and physiological changes to difficulty in breathing, coughing, wheezing, and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. 6. These effects can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospitalizing and premature deaths. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the bodys respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individuals health status and genetics. . RESPIRATORY HEALTH 7. The effects of air pollution on health of residents in an industrial areas in Colombo city using a cross-sectional design and reported that the adult population living in the industrial area was more likely to have unexplained episodic cough and a significant reduction in expiratory flow as compared to the adult population living in a non-industrial area. The younger population (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 12 years) living in the industrial area were times more likely to have rhinitis as compared to the younger population living in the non-industrial area. 8. School children are another group exposed to high levels of pollutants exaggerated by overcrowding of major schools in cities, especially in Colombo. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms among school children attending a school in Colombo situated close to a busy main road was significantly higher than that of children attending a school situated in a rural area. 9. Based on data of the Colombo Fort monitoring station, episodes of bronchitis, emphysema and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases had a strong association with PM10 levels. Nearly 20% of asthma patients who visited the Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children in Colombo in 2005 could be attributed to exposure to PM10 in Colombo based on the health impact assessment software developed by WHO. Although the location of the Colombo Fort monitoring station may not represent the entire area of study population, this study provides evidence for implementation of early mitigation strategies. 10. Air pollutants were measured using passive samplers in Mount Lavinia, a metropolitan area bordering Colombo, to measure the 24-hour average levels among city dwellers engaged in different occupation. Bus drivers were exposed to more NO2 and SO2 as compared to three-wheeler drivers, shop keepers and outdoor vendors. The highest prevalence of respiratory symptoms was reported among bus drivers. BLOOD LEAD LEVELS 11. Following the introduction of unleaded gasoline, atmospheric lead levels reduced by 81.5%, 82% and 84% in three locations in Colombo measured blood lead levels of a sample of children living near a traffic congested junction in Colombo in 1998 and then one year after the introduction of unleaded gasoline. In 1998, 6% of children had blood lead levels above 10 ÃŽÂ ¼g/dL; in 2003, not a single child had a blood lead level >10 ÃŽÂ ¼g/dl (range 1.67 ÃŽÂ ¼g/dl to 9.7 ÃŽÂ ¼g/dl). 12. The mean blood lead levels in traffic and non-traffic policemen were 7.47 ÃŽÂ ¼g/dl and 7.06 ÃŽÂ ¼g/dl, respectively. Abdominal discomfort, tremor and hypertension were higher in traffic policemen as compared to non-traffic policemen, although the differences were not significant. There may be exposure misclassification as non-traffic policemen are duty bound to control traffic during busy hours. ASTHMA 13. Low air quality, from traffic pollution or high ozone levels, has been repeatedly associated with increased asthma morbidity. Recent studies show a relationship between exposure to air pollutants (e.g. from traffic) and childhood asthma. This research finds that both the occurrence of the disease and exacerbation of childhood asthma are affected by outdoor air pollutants. LUNG CANCER 14. Studies of the American Cancer Society cohort directly link the exposure to particulate matter with lung cancer. For example, if the concentration of particles in the air increases by only 1%, the risk of developing a lung cancer increases by 14%. Further, it has been established that particle size matters, as ultrafine particles penetrate further into the lungs. 15. The majority of the population (more than 50%) was between the ages of 41-50 years and male; the majority of the cases were directly exposed to tobacco smoke (48%). There was an association between smoking and lung cancer but not with biomass fuels use. THE ACTIONS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT AND ITS AUTHORITIES TO PREVENT AIR POLLUTION IN COLOMBO CITY 16. Banning of importation of two-stroke engine three- wheelers: One of the main accomplishments in improving air quality in Sri Lanka is Banning of importation of two-stroke engine three- wheelers since 2006. The Government banned the importation of two-stroke petrol three-wheelers from 1 January 2008 and prohibited the import of full engine, engine blocks and cylinder heads after 2011 in order to avoid the local assembly of two-stroke engines. 17. Implementation of vehicle emission testing program: Sri Lanka is in the process of implementing the Vehicle Emission Testing program. The Program was launched on 15 July 2008. Several agencies play an important part in its implementation. The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources developed the emission standards; the Department of Motor Traffic is the nominated implementing agency of the program. This program is designed as a public-private partnership and is a centralized System with two large private sector companies contracted to conduct the vehicle emission tests. Two private sector companies have been selected to set up testing centers in all the main cities of Sri Lanka. The testing centers in the main cities are already in place. 18. Under the Program, vehicle owners must secure an emission certificate because it is a necessity to obtain the annual revenue license in Sri Lanka. After the vehicle is tested, the owner of the vehicle gets an emission certificate which states the emission levels of the vehicle. If the vehicle meets the standards, the owner of the vehicle gets a pass certificate; if he fails, he has to repair the vehicle and go back to the testing center for a re-test. 19. Amendment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards: Considering the latest revised WHO guideline values, Sri Lankan authorities reviewed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and incorporated PM10 and PM2.5. Sri Lanka set the interim targets 2 as given in the Global update of WHO Air Quality Guideline in 2005. 20. Preparation of National Action Plan for Air Quality Management (Clean Air 2015): Clean Air Sri Lanka and the Air Resource Management Center of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Development have prepared the Clean Air 2015 action plan to manage the air pollution in Sri Lanka. The main areas under the action plan have been identified as priorities, action plans prepared and work started for each: Monitoring Emissions of Power Plants and High Polluting Industries, Monitoring and Reducing Vehicle Emissions, Provisions of Cleaner Fuels for Motor Vehicles, Prepare and Maintain Emissions Inventory, Monitoring Ambient Air Quality, Enhance Public Awareness and carry out health impact assessments and Providing an Indoor Air Pollution Management Programme. 21. Strategic Plan for Traffic Management in Greater Colombo Area (2008-2010): The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka has ordered the preparation and implementation of the Strategic Plan for Traffic Management in Greater Colombo Area. Therefore, the National Transport Commission of the Ministry of Transport has conducted wider discussion with stakeholders and prepared an action plan. This action plan includes several interventions such as the formulation of an urban transport policy, set up of an urban traffic coordinating mechanism, operation of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), operation of at least two new multimodal terminals and introduction of the advance traffic control system etc., for completion by 2010. CHAPTER 05 ANALYSIS ACTS, RULES AND REGULATIONS 1. In the past in Sri Lanka there were a number of statues with scattered provisions pertaining to Environmental protection and Pollution control. Following are the Acts and regulations published in Sri Lanka in order to prevent air pollution. ACTS National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980 National Environmental (Amendment) Act, No. 56 of 1988 National Environmental (Amendment) Act, No. 53 of 2000 REGULATIONS PUBLISHED UNDER THE NEA Motor Traffic (emission control) Regulation Number 817/6 dated 3rd May 1994. Ozone Depleting substances and Natural Environmental (Ambient Air Quality) Regulations 1994. Gazette Notification Number 850/4 dated 20th December 1994. Amendment to National Environment (ambient air quality) Regulation 1994. Gazette Notification Number 1562/22 dated 15th August 2008. Amendment to Gazette Notification Number 1295/11 dated 30th June 2003.Gazette Notification Number 1557/14 dated 19th July 2008. Amended Regulations (Air Emission, Fuel and Vehicle Importation standards) Gazette Notification Number 1137/35 dated 23rd June 2000. National Environmental (Air Emissions, Fuel HYPERLINK http://www.cea.lk/pdf/reg1295-11.pdfHYPERLINK http://www.cea.lk/pdf/reg1295-11.pdf Vehicle Importation standards) Amended Regulations. Gazette Notification Number 1295/11 dated 30th June 2003. 2. When compare with many other South Asian countries, Sri Lanka has the best environmental protection regulations. However the enforcement is very unsatisfactory. Sri Lanka has a good National Environmental Act and Environmental Impact Assessment process. However its implementation is rather weak. 3. As an example we can take the vehicle emission test of Sri Lanka. As per the questionnaire distributed among the vehicle drivers in Colombo city it is found that the emission test certificate can be obtain without required standard of the vehicle. The drivers confirmed that they have experience for such incidents. 4. Further, during the research it was found that the only one monitoring site in Colombo is not in a position to check the every pollutant due to the system failure since April 2010. CEA hasnt taken any action to reactivate the system up to now. This shows the least priority given by the government towards the air pollution WEAKNESSES OF ACTIONS TAKEN FOR AIR PROTECTION IN COLOMBO BY THE GOVERNMENT 5. . The National environmental act of Sri Lanka approved in 1980 and it was again amended in 1988 and 2000. For the last 30 years amendments were not in a considerable frame and there are many lapses in the amendments. This shows the least priority given by the ruled governments at that time towards the air pollution. The citizens who were participated in this research also clearly indicated this in the questionnaires. 2. When considering the countries, which achieved less air pollution percentage, there were the separate air pollution act and activating it in a proper manner. A separate authority was established to facilitate in administrational functions. Sri Lanka is still relying on the common environmental act. Due to the prevailing situation in Sri Lanka, it is very essential to have a separate act with special laws to reduce the air pollution in the country as well as the Colombo city. 3. The hierarchy of the Central Environment Authority of Sri Lanka are appointed by HE the president in consultation with the environmental minister of the ruling government. Therefore, a question emerged regarding the impartiality of the members of Central Environmental Authority. All the decisions made by the government may be approved by the CEA in this nature. 4. Authority of issuing licence and approving projects had been granted to the minister of environment by the amendment to the NEA in year 2000. As a result of this amendment the minister has sole authority to activate any harmful project to the environment if the government required it. Further this amendment has increased the validity time of the licence for the projects from one year to three years. The suspension and cancellation the licence, given to the minister from this amendment. If the minister insist it, the owner can continue his project without any interference. 5. The prior way of urban air pollution is the use of motor vehicles.